Sexually Transmitted Infections, Vol 75, Issue 1 3-17, Copyright © 1999 by Sexually Transmitted Infections

From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection

DT Fleming and JN Wasserheit
Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.

OBJECTIVES: To review the scientific data on the role of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in sexual transmission of HIV infection and discuss the implications of these findings for HIV and STD prevention policy and practice. METHODS: Articles were selected from a review of Medline, accessed with the OVID search engine. The search covered articles from January 1987 to September 1998 and yielded 2101 articles. Methods used to uncover articles which might have been missed included searching for related articles by author, and combing literature reviews. In addition, all abstracts under the category "sexually transmitted diseases" from the XI and XII International Conferences on AIDS (Vancouver 1996 and Geneva 1998) and other relevant scientific meetings were reviewed. Efforts were made to locate journal articles which resulted from the research reported in the identified abstracts. All original journal articles and abstracts which met one of the following criteria were included: (1) studies of the biological plausibility or mechanism of facilitation of HIV infectiousness or susceptibility by STDs, (2) prospective cohort studies (longitudinal or nested case-control) which estimate the risk of HIV infection associated with specific STDs or STD syndromes, or (3) intervention studies which quantitate the effect which STD treatment can have on HIV incidence. RESULTS: Strong evidence indicates that both ulcerative and non-ulcerative STDs promote HIV transmission by augmenting HIV infectiousness and HIV susceptibility via a variety of biological mechanisms. These effects are reflected in the risk estimates found in numerous prospective studies from four continents which range from 2.0 to 23.5, with most clustering between 2 and 5. The relative importance of ulcerative and non-ulcerative STDs appears to be complex. Owing to the greater frequency of non-ulcerative STDs in many populations, these infections may be responsible for more HIV transmission than genital ulcers. However, the limited reciprocal impact of HIV infection on non-ulcerative STDs and the evidence that non-ulcerative STDs may increase risk primarily for the receptive partner (rather than bidirectionally) may modulate the impact of these diseases. The results of two community level randomised, controlled intervention trials conducted in Africa suggest that timely provision of STD services can substantially reduce HIV incidence, but raise additional questions about the optimal way to target and implement these services to achieve the greatest effect on HIV transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Available data leave little doubt that other STDs facilitate HIV transmission through direct, biological mechanisms and that early STD treatment should be part of a high quality, comprehensive HIV prevention strategy. Policy makers, HIV prevention programme managers, and providers should focus initial implementation efforts on three key areas: (i) improving access to and quality of STD clinical services; (ii) promoting early and effective STD related healthcare behaviours; and (iii) establishing surveillance systems to monitor STD and HIV trends and their interrelations.
CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Friedman, S. R., Cooper, H. L. F., Osborne, A. H. (2009). Structural and Social Contexts of HIV Risk Among African Americans. Am. J. Public Health 99: 1002-1008 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anna Gyarmathy, V., Neaigus, A., Ujhelyi, E. (2009). Vulnerability to drug-related infections and co-infections among injecting drug users in Budapest, Hungary. Eur J Public Health 19: 260-265 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nsuami, M J, Taylor, S N, Smith, B S, Martin, D H (2009). Increases in gonorrhea among high school students following hurricane Katrina. Sex. Transm. Infect. 85: 194-198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Annan, N T, Sullivan, A K, Nori, A, Naydenova, P, Alexander, S, McKenna, A, Azadian, B, Mandalia, S, Rossi, M, Ward, H, Nwokolo, N (2009). Rectal chlamydia--a reservoir of undiagnosed infection in men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Infect. 85: 176-179 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ogawa, Y., Kawamura, T., Kimura, T., Ito, M., Blauvelt, A., Shimada, S. (2009). Gram-positive bacteria enhance HIV-1 susceptibility in Langerhans cells, but not in dendritic cells, via Toll-like receptor activation. Blood 113: 5157-5166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lu, F, Jia, Y, Bin, S, Li, C, Limei, S, Kristensen, S, Sun, X, Xiao, Y, Liu, J, Li, D, Qu, S, Vermund, S H (2009). Predictors for casual sex and/or infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees in China. Int J STD AIDS 20: 241-248 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Myer, L, Seedat, S, Stein, D J, Moomal, H, Williams, D R (2009). The mental health impact of AIDS-related mortality in South Africa: a national study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 63: 293-298 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davie, J. J., Campagnari, A. A. (2009). Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Haemophilus ducreyi Porin-Deficient Mutant 35000HP::P2AB. J. Bacteriol. 191: 2144-2152 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wilson, T. E., Hogben, M., Malka, E. S., Liddon, N., McCormack, W. M., Rubin, S. R., Augenbraun, M. A. (2009). A Randomized Controlled Trial for Reducing Risks for Sexually Transmitted Infections Through Enhanced Patient-Based Partner Notification. Am. J. Public Health 99: S104-S110 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ford, C. L., Daniel, M., Earp, J. A. L., Kaufman, J. S., Golin, C. E., Miller, W. C. (2009). Perceived Everyday Racism, Residential Segregation, and HIV Testing Among Patients at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. Am. J. Public Health 99: S137-S143 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Marshall, B D L, Wood, E, Zhang, R, Tyndall, M W, Montaner, J S G, Kerr, T (2009). Condom use among injection drug users accessing a supervised injecting facility. Sex. Transm. Infect. 85: 121-126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hong, F-C, Feng, T-J, Cai, Y-M, Wen, L-Z, Pan, P, Lan, L-N, Lai, Y-H, Zhou, H, Liu, X-L, Lin, S-P, Chen, G, Chen, X-S (2009). Burden of syphilis infections in Shenzhen, China: a preliminary estimation. Int J STD AIDS 20: 115-118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steedman, N M, McMillan, A (2009). Treatment of asymptomatic rectal Chlamydia trachomatis: is single-dose azithromycin effective?. Int J STD AIDS 20: 16-18 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tinmouth, J, Gilmour, M W, Kovacs, C, Kropp, R, Mitterni, L, Rachlis, A, Richards, S, Salit, I, Sikri, R, Valencia, G R, Wesson, T, Wong, T, Wood, H (2008). Is there a reservoir of sub-clinical lymphogranuloma venereum and non-LGV Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men who have sex with men?. Int J STD AIDS 19: 805-809 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aboud, S, Msamanga, G, Read, J S, Mwatha, A, Chen, Y Q, Potter, D, Valentine, M, Sharma, U, Hoffmann, I, Taha, T E, Goldenberg, R L, Fawzi, W W (2008). Genital tract infections among HIV-infected pregnant women in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia. Int J STD AIDS 19: 824-832 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iwuji, C C, Reeves, I, Nambiar, K, Richardson, D (2008). Diagnostic utility of urethral smears in predicting urethral chlamydia in HIV-infected men. Int J STD AIDS 19: 741-743 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tai, E, Sanchez, T, Lansky, A, Mahle, K, Heffelfinger, J, Workowski, K (2008). Self-reported syphilis and gonorrhoea testing among men who have sex with men: national HIV behavioural surveillance system, 2003-5. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 478-482 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Scheer, S, Kellogg, T, Klausner, J D, Schwarcz, S, Colfax, G, Bernstein, K, Louie, B, Dilley, J W, Hecht, J, Truong, H-H M, Katz, M H, McFarland, W (2008). HIV is hyperendemic among men who have sex with men in San Francisco: 10-year trends in HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behaviour. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 493-498 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Likatavicius, G, Klavs, I, Devaux, I, Alix, J, Nardone, A (2008). An increase in newly diagnosed HIV cases reported among men who have sex with men in Europe, 2000-6: implications for a European public health strategy. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 499-505 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schwartz, R. M., Hogben, M., Liddon, N., Augenbraun, M., Mccormack, W. M., Rubin, S., Wilson, T. E. (2008). Coping with a Diagnosis of C Trachomatis or N Gonorrhoeae: Psychosocial and Behavioral Correlates. J Health Psychol 13: 921-929 [Abstract]  
• Lewis, D A, Pillay, C, Mohlamonyane, O, Vezi, A, Mbabela, S, Mzaidume, Y, Radebe, F (2008). The burden of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among men in Carletonville, South Africa: implications for syndromic management. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 371-376 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsai, C-H, Lee, T-C, Chang, H-L, Tang, L-H, Chiang, C-C, Chen, K-T (2008). The cost-effectiveness of syndromic management for male sexually transmitted disease patients with urethral discharge symptoms and genital ulcer disease in Taiwan. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 400-404 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lewis, D A, Scott, L, Slabbert, M, Mhlongo, S, van Zijl, A, Sello, M, du Plessis, N, Radebe, F, Wasserman, E (2008). Escalation in the relative prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant gonorrhoea among men with urethral discharge in two South African cities: association with HIV seropositivity. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 352-355 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boily, M-C, Desai, K, Masse, B, Gumel, A (2008). Incremental role of male circumcision on a generalised HIV epidemic through its protective effect against other sexually transmitted infections: from efficacy to effectiveness to population-level impact. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: ii28-ii34 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Uuskula, A, Kals, M, Denks, K, Nurm, U., Kasesalu, L, DeHovitz, J, McNutt, L A (2008). The prevalence of chlamydial infection in Estonia: a population-based survey. Int J STD AIDS 19: 455-458 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brinkman, M. B., McGill, M. A., Pettersson, J., Rogers, A., Matejkova, P., Smajs, D., Weinstock, G. M., Norris, S. J., Palzkill, T. (2008). A Novel Treponema pallidum Antigen, TP0136, Is an Outer Membrane Protein That Binds Human Fibronectin. Infect. Immun. 76: 1848-1857 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Workowski, K. A., Berman, S. M., Douglas, J. M. Jr. (2008). Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Urgent Need to Strengthen Prevention Strategies. ANN INTERN MED 148: 606-613 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weiss, H A, Patel, V, West, B, Peeling, R W, Kirkwood, B R, Mabey, D (2008). Spousal sexual violence and poverty are risk factors for sexually transmitted infections in women: a longitudinal study of women in Goa, India. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 133-139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Duberstein Lindberg, L., Sonfield, A., Gemmill, A. (2008). Reassessing Adolescent Male Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States: Research and Recommendations. Am J Mens Health 2: 40-56 [Abstract]  
• Eccleston, K., Collins, L., Higgins, S. P (2008). Primary syphilis. Int J STD AIDS 19: 145-151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, J T H T, Tang, W Y M, Lau, K H, Chong, L Y, Lo, K K (2008). Asymptomatic urethral infection in male sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees. Int J STD AIDS 19: 155-158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Teague, R., Mijch, A., Fairley, C. K, Sidat, M., Watson, K., Boyd, K., Chen, M. Y (2008). Testing rates for sexually transmitted infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men attending two different HIV services. Int J STD AIDS 19: 200-202 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mehta, S D, Moses, S, Agot, K, Agingu, W, Parker, C, Ndinya-Achola, J O, Bailey, R C (2008). Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among young uncircumcised men in Kisumu, Kenya. Sex. Transm. Infect. 84: 42-48 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sifunda, S., Reddy, P. S., Braithwaite, R. B., Stephens, T., Bhengu, S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Van Den Borne, B. (2007). Social construction and cultural meanings of STI/HIV-related terminology among Nguni-speaking inmates and warders in four South African correctional facilities. Health Educ Res 22: 805-814 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Quint, K., Porras, C., Safaeian, M., Gonzalez, P., Hildesheim, A., Quint, W., van Doorn, L.-J., Silva, S., Melchers, W., Schiffman, M., Rodriguez, A. C., Wacholder, S., Freer, E., Cortes, B., Herrero, R., for the Costa Rican Vaccine Trial Group, (2007). Evaluation of a Novel PCR-Based Assay for Detection and Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars in Cervical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 3986-3991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blake, D. R., Lemay, C. A., Indurkhya, A. (2007). Correlates of Readiness to Receive Chlamydia Screening Among 2 Populations of Youths. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161: 1088-1094 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zetola, N. M., Engelman, J., Jensen, T. P., Klausner, J. D. (2007). Syphilis in the United States: An Update for Clinicians With an Emphasis on HIV Coinfection. Mayo Clin Proc. 82: 1091-1102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hamlyn, E., Peer, A., Easterbrook, P. (2007). Sexual health and HIV in travellers and expatriates. Occup Med (Lond) 57: 313-321 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dodds, J. P, Johnson, A. M, Parry, J. V, Mercey, D. E (2007). A tale of three cities: persisting high HIV prevalence, risk behaviour and undiagnosed infection in community samples of men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Infect. 83: 392-396 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wong, S. P Y, Yin, Y.-P., Gao, X., Wei, W.-H., Shi, M.-Q., Huang, P.-Y., Wang, H., Chen, Q., Liu, M., Tucker, J. D, Chen, X.-S., Cohen, M. S (2007). Risk of syphilis in STI clinic patients: a cross-sectional study of 11 500 cases in Guangxi, China. Sex. Transm. Infect. 83: 351-356 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aral, S. O, Lipshutz, J., Blanchard, J. (2007). Drivers of STD/HIV epidemiology and the timing and targets of STD/HIV prevention. Sex. Transm. Infect. 83: i1-i4 [Full Text]  
• Datta, S. D., Sternberg, M., Johnson, R. E., Berman, S., Papp, J. R., McQuillan, G., Weinstock, H. (2007). Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the United States among Persons 14 to 39 Years of Age, 1999 to 2002. ANN INTERN MED 147: 89-96 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Heffelfinger, J. D., Swint, E. B., Berman, S. M., Weinstock, H. S. (2007). Trends in Primary and Secondary Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 97: 1076-1083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Molepo, J, Pillay, A, Weber, B, Morse, S A, Hoosen, A A (2007). Molecular typing of Treponema pallidum strains from patients with neurosyphilis in Pretoria, South Africa. Sex. Transm. Infect. 83: 189-192 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mulholland, E., Van Wersch, A. (2007). Stigma, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Attendance at the GUM Clinic: An Exploratory Study with Implications for the Theory of Planned Behaviour. J Health Psychol 12: 17-31 [Abstract]  
• Panchanadeswaran, S, Johnson, S C, Mayer, K H, Srikrishnan, A K, Sivaran, S, Zelaya, C E, Go, V F, Solomon, S, Bentley, M E, Celentano, D D (2006). Gender differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and genital symptoms in an urban setting in southern India. Sex. Transm. Infect. 82: 491-495 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hamlyn, E, Taylor, C (2006). Sexually transmitted proctitis. Postgrad. Med. J. 82: 733-736 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bautista, C T, Sanchez, J L, Montano, S M, Laguna-Torres, A, Suarez, L, Sanchez, J, Campos, P, Gallardo, C, Mosquera, C, Villafane, M, Aguayo, N, Avila, M M, Weissenbacher, M, Ramirez, E, Child, R, Serra, M, Aponte, C, Mejia, A, Velazques, N, Gianella, A, Perez, J, Olson, J G, Carr, J K (2006). Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in South America.. Sex. Transm. Infect. 82: 311-316 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Millett, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Wolitski, R. J., Stall, R. (2006). Greater Risk for HIV Infection of Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Critical Literature Review. Am. J. Public Health 96: 1007-1019 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fulcher, R. A., Cole, L. E., Janowicz, D. M., Toffer, K. L., Fortney, K. R., Katz, B. P., Orndorff, P. E., Spinola, S. M., Kawula, T. H. (2006). Expression of Haemophilus ducreyi Collagen Binding Outer Membrane Protein NcaA Is Required for Virulence in Swine and Human Challenge Models of Chancroid.. Infect. Immun. 74: 2651-2658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reynolds, S J, Risbud, A R, Shepherd, M E, Rompalo, A M, Ghate, M V, Godbole, S V, Joshi, S N, Divekar, A D, Gangakhedkar, R R, Bollinger, R C, Mehendale, S M (2006). High rates of syphilis among STI patients are contributing to the spread of HIV-1 in India.. Sex. Transm. Infect. 82: 121-126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thomas, C. E., Zhu, W., Van Dam, C. N., Davis, N. L., Johnston, R. E., Sparling, P. F. (2006). Vaccination of Mice with Gonococcal TbpB Expressed In Vivo from Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viral Replicon Particles. Infect. Immun. 74: 1612-1620 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grant, A. M., Jamieson, D. J., Elam-Evans, L. D., Beck-Sague, C., Duerr, A., Henderson, S. L. (2006). Reasons for Testing and Clinical and Demographic Profile of Adolescents With Non-Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection. Pediatrics 117: e468-e475 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hamlyn, E, McAllister, J, Winston, A, Sinclair, B, Amin, J, Carr, A, Cooper, D A (2006). Is screening for sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men who receive non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis worthwhile?. Sex. Transm. Infect. 82: 21-23 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gomes, J. P., Nunes, A., Bruno, W. J., Borrego, M. J., Florindo, C., Dean, D. (2006). Polymorphisms in the Nine Polymorphic Membrane Proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis across All Serovars: Evidence for Serovar Da Recombination and Correlation with Tissue Tropism. J. Bacteriol. 188: 275-286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mock, J. R., Vakevainen, M., Deng, K., Latimer, J. L., Young, J. A., van Oers, N. S. C., Greenberg, S., Hansen, E. J. (2005). Haemophilus ducreyi Targets Src Family Protein Tyrosine Kinases To Inhibit Phagocytic Signaling. Infect. Immun. 73: 7808-7816 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goh, B T (2005). Syphilis in adults. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 448-452 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Behets, F, Turner, A N., Van Damme, K, Rabenja, N L, Ravelomanana, N, Zeller, K, Rasolofomanana, J R (2005). Acceptability and feasibility of continuous diaphragm use among sex workers in Madagascar. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 472-476 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pickering, J M, Whitworth, J A G, Hughes, P, Kasse, M, Morgan, D, Mayanja, B, Van der Paal, L, Mayaud, P (2005). Aetiology of sexually transmitted infections and response to syndromic treatment in southwest Uganda. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 488-493 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhu, W., Thomas, C. E., Chen, C.-j., Van Dam, C. N., Johnston, R. E., Davis, N. L., Sparling, P. F. (2005). Comparison of Immune Responses to Gonococcal PorB Delivered as Outer Membrane Vesicles, Recombinant Protein, or Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particles. Infect. Immun. 73: 7558-7568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Castellsague, X., Peeling, R. W., Franceschi, S., de Sanjose, S., Smith, J. S., Albero, G., Diaz, M., Herrero, R., Munoz, N., Bosch, F. X., for the IARC Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Gro, (2005). Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Female Partners of Circumcised and Uncircumcised Adult Men. Am J Epidemiol 162: 907-916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sadiq, S T, McSorley, J, Copas, A J, Bennett, J, Edwards, S J, Kaye, S, Kirk, S, French, P, Weller, I V D (2005). The effects of early syphilis on CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA viral loads in blood and semen. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 380-385 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, J., Li, G., Bafica, A., Pantelic, M., Zhang, P., Broxmeyer, H., Liu, Y., Wetzler, L., He, J. J., Chen, T. (2005). Neisseria gonorrhoeae Enhances Infection of Dendritic Cells by HIV Type 1. J. Immunol. 174: 7995-8002 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cook, R. L., Hutchison, S. L., Ostergaard, L., Braithwaite, R. S., Ness, R. B. (2005). Systematic Review: Noninvasive Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ANN INTERN MED 142: 914-925 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mullick, S, Beksinksa, M, Msomi, S (2005). Treatment for syphilis in antenatal care: compliance with the three dose standard treatment regimen. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 220-222 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Plitt, S S, Sherman, S G, Strathdee, S A, Taha, T E (2005). Herpes simplex virus 2 and syphilis among young drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 248-253 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Catalone, B. J., Kish-Catalone, T. M., Neely, E. B., Budgeon, L. R., Ferguson, M. L., Stiller, C., Miller, S. R., Malamud, D., Krebs, F. C., Howett, M. K., Wigdahl, B. (2005). Comparative Safety Evaluation of the Candidate Vaginal Microbicide C31G. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 1509-1520 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bash, M. C., Zhu, P., Gulati, S., McKnew, D., Rice, P. A., Lynn, F. (2005). por Variable-Region Typing by DNA Probe Hybridization Is Broadly Applicable to Epidemiologic Studies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 1522-1530 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• van Bergen, J, Gotz, H M, Richardus, J H, Hoebe, C J P A, Broer, J, Coenen, A J T, for the PILOT CT study group, (2005). Prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis increases significantly with level of urbanisation and suggests targeted screening approaches: results from the first national population based study in the Netherlands. Sex. Transm. Infect. 81: 17-23 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2004). Transmission of Primary and Secondary Syphilis by Oral Sex--Chicago, Illinois, 1998-2002. JAMA 292: 2459-2461 [Full Text]  
• Dezzutti, C. S., James, V. N., Ramos, A., Sullivan, S. T., Siddig, A., Bush, T. J., Grohskopf, L. A., Paxton, L., Subbarao, S., Hart, C. E. (2004). In Vitro Comparison of Topical Microbicides for Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 3834-3844 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nicopoullos, J. D.M., Almeida, P. A., Ramsay, J. W.A., Gilling-Smith, C. (2004). The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on sperm parameters and the outcome of intrauterine insemination following sperm washing. Hum Reprod 19: 2289-2297 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Krantz, I., Lowhagen, G.-B., Ahlberg, B. M., Nilstun, T. (2004). Ethics of screening for asymptomatic herpes virus type 2 infection. BMJ 329: 618-621 [Full Text]  
• DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Harrington, K. F., Lang, D. L., Davies, S. L., Hook, E. W. III, Oh, M. K., Crosby, R. A., Hertzberg, V. S., Gordon, A. B., Hardin, J. W., Parker, S., Robillard, A. (2004). Efficacy of an HIV Prevention Intervention for African American Adolescent Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 292: 171-179 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chorba, T., Scholes, D., BlueSpruce, J., Operskalski, B. H., Irwin, K. (2004). Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Managed Care: An Inquiry and Review of Issues Affecting Service Delivery. American Journal of Medical Quality 19: 145-156 [Abstract]  
• Pebody, R G, Andrews, N, Brown, D, Gopal, R, de Melker, H, Francois, G, Gatcheva, N, Hellenbrand, W, Jokinen, S, Klavs, I, Kojouharova, M, Kortbeek, T, Kriz, B, Prosenc, K, Roubalova, K, Teocharov, P, Thierfelder, W, Valle, M, Van Damme, P, Vranckx, R (2004). The seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in Europe. Sex. Transm. Infect. 80: 185-191 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Miller, W. C., Ford, C. A., Morris, M., Handcock, M. S., Schmitz, J. L., Hobbs, M. M., Cohen, M. S., Harris, K. M., Udry, J. R. (2004). Prevalence of Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections Among Young Adults in the United States. JAMA 291: 2229-2236 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Catalone, B. J., Kish-Catalone, T. M., Budgeon, L. R., Neely, E. B., Ferguson, M., Krebs, F. C., Howett, M. K., Labib, M., Rando, R., Wigdahl, B. (2004). Mouse Model of Cervicovaginal Toxicity and Inflammation for Preclinical Evaluation of Topical Vaginal Microbicides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 1837-1847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cheng, H.-Y., Lin, T.-C., Yang, C.-M., Wang, K.-C., Lin, L.-T., Lin, C.-C. (2004). Putranjivain A from Euphorbia jolkini inhibits both virus entry and late stage replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 577-583 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dougan, S, Payne, L J C, Brown, A E, Fenton, K A, Logan, L, Evans, B G, Gill, O N (2004). Black Caribbean adults with HIV in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: an emerging epidemic?. Sex. Transm. Infect. 80: 18-23 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gunn, R. A., Peterman, T. A., Workowski, K. A. (2004). Genital Lesions of Primary Syphilis. JAMA 291: 184-184 [Full Text]  
• Lister, N. A., Tabrizi, S. N., Fairley, C. K., Garland, S. (2004). Validation of Roche COBAS Amplicor Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Rectal and Pharyngeal Specimens by an omp1 PCR Assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 239-241 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chartier, M., Packel, L., Bauer, H. M., Brammeier, M., Little, M., Bolan, G. (2004). Chlamydia Prevalence Among Adolescent Females and Males in Juvenile Detention Facilities in California. J Correct Health Care 11: 79-97 [Abstract]  
• Peipert, J. F. (2003). Genital Chlamydial Infections. NEJM 349: 2424-2430 [Full Text]  
• Cole, L. E., Toffer, K. L., Fulcher, R. A., San Mateo, L. R., Orndorff, P. E., Kawula, T. H. (2003). A Humoral Immune Response Confers Protection against Haemophilus ducreyi Infection. Infect. Immun. 71: 6971-6977 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Spinola, S. M., Fortney, K. R., Katz, B. P., Latimer, J. L., Mock, J. R., Vakevainen, M., Hansen, E. J. (2003). Haemophilus ducreyi Requires an Intact flp Gene Cluster for Virulence in Humans. Infect. Immun. 71: 7178-7182 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez, A C, Castle, P E, Smith, J S, Bratti, C, Hildesheim, A, Schiffman, M, Viscidi, R, Burk, R D, Ashley, R L, Castellsague, X, Herrero, R (2003). A population based study of herpes simplex virus 2 seroprevalence in rural Costa Rica. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 460-465 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Palmer, H M, Higgins, S P, Herring, A J, Kingston, M A (2003). Use of PCR in the diagnosis of early syphilis in the United Kingdom. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 479-483 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smith, P. D., Meng, G., Salazar-Gonzalez, J. F., Shaw, G. M. (2003). Macrophage HIV-1 infection and the gastrointestinal tract reservoir. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74: 642-649 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Golden, M. R., Marra, C. M., Holmes, K. K. (2003). Update on Syphilis: Resurgence of an Old Problem. JAMA 290: 1510-1514 [Full Text]  
• Kulkarni, K, Lewis, D A, Ison, C A (2003). Expression of the cytolethal distending toxin in a geographically diverse collection of Haemophilus ducreyi clinical isolates. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 294-297 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haddow, L J, Edwards, S G, Sinka, K, Mercey, D E (2003). Patients lost to follow up: experience of an HIV clinic. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 349-350 [Full Text]  
• Steiner, K. C., Davila, V., Kent, C. K., Chaw, J. K., Fischer, L., Klausner, J. D. (2003). Field-Delivered Therapy Increases Treatment for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea. Am. J. Public Health 93: 882-884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ndjoyi-Mbiguino, A., Ozouaki, F., Legoff, J., Mbopi-Keou, F.-X., Si-Mohamed, A., Onas, I. N., Avoune, E., Belec, L. (2003). Comparison of Washing and Swabbing Procedures for Collecting Genital Fluids To Assess Cervicovaginal Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 DNA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2662-2664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Turner, A N, Ellertson, C, Thomas, S, Garcia, S (2003). Diagnosis and treatment of presumed STIs at Mexican pharmacies: survey results from a random sample of Mexico City pharmacy attendants. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 224-228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, H, Tabrizi, S N, Lee, W, Kovacs, G T, Garland, S (2003). Adolescence and other risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection in women in Melbourne, Australia. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 31-34 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lewis, D A (2003). Chancroid: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Sex. Transm. Infect. 79: 68-71 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gaydos, C. A., Quinn, T. C., Willis, D., Weissfeld, A., Hook, E. W., Martin, D. H., Ferrero, D. V., Schachter, J. (2003). Performance of the APTIMA Combo 2 Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Female Urine and Endocervical Swab Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 304-309 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2002). Increases in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae--Hawaii and California, 2001. JAMA 288: 2961-2963 [Full Text]