Table 2 Different types and sources of HIV stigma
| Types of stigma | |
| Discrimination | Enacted stigma; what people do to unfairly disadvantage known or suspected HIV positive persons, such as exclusion from shared activities |
| Anticipated stigma | The stigma people expect from others if they were known to be HIV positive |
| Self-stigma | Internalised feelings of shame or blame derived from accepting stigmatising judgements of one’s identity |
| Secondary stigma | Stigma which, by association, affects those related to the infected |
| Sources of stigma | |
| Burden | Stigma derived from the inability of individuals to conduct productive activities and look after themselves, leading them to be perceived as a “drain of resources” |
| Fear | Stigma derived from the fear of being infected by HIV through casual or sexual contact |
| Blame | Stigma derived from the association of HIV with negatively defined behaviours or groups in society, which are subsequently blamed for their infection |
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Source: Based on Deacon H (2005) Understanding HIV/AIDS stigma. A theoretical and methodological analysis. Research Monograph. London: HSRC Press, 2005.
