Association of sociodemographic and behaviour factors with HPV infection among 612 antenatal clinic attenders with known HPV serostatus
| HPV infected/total (%) (209/612) | Crude OR (95% CI) | p Value* | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Overall p value for each factor. | |||||
| †Adjusted for age, marital status, duration with current partner, condom use, N gonorrhoeae infection, T vaginalis infection, and genital warts. | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 15–19 | 50/144 (35%) | 1.00 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.25 |
| 20–29 | 138/388 (36%) | 1.04 (0.7–1.5) | 1.44 (0.9–2.2) | ||
| 30–44 | 21/80 (26%) | 0.67 (0.4–1.2) | 1.28 (0.6–2.6) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 188/564 (33%) | 1.00 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 0.05 |
| Not married | 21/48 (44%) | 1.56 (0.9–2.8) | 1.92 (1.0–3.7) | ||
| Education | |||||
| Low primary or less (<std 4) | 32/95 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.71 | — | |
| High primary (std 4–7) | 157/450 (35%) | 1.05 (0.7–1.7) | |||
| Beyond primary | 20/67 (30%) | 0.84 (0.4–1.6) | |||
| Age (years) at first intercourse | |||||
| 12–14 | 37/105 (35%) | 1.00 | 0.94 | — | |
| 15–18 | 128/374 (34%) | 0.96 (0.6–1.5) | |||
| ≥19 | 44/133 (33%) | 0.91 (0.5–1.6) | |||
| Number of pregnancies (gravidity) | |||||
| 1 | 78/202 (39%) | 1.00 | 0.44 | — | |
| 2 | 46/149 (31%) | 0.71 (0.5–1.1) | |||
| 3 | 29/87 (33%) | 0.79 (0.5–1.3) | |||
| 4 | 27/74 (36%) | 0.91 (0.5–1.6) | |||
| ≥5 | 29/99 (29%) | 0.66 (0.4–1.1) | |||
| Reported number of partners in past year | |||||
| 1 | 192/559 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.74 | — | |
| >1 | 17/53 (32%) | 0.90 (0.5–1.6) | |||
| Duration with current partner | |||||
| ≥5 years | 48/192 (25%) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.003 |
| <5 years | 161/420 (38%) | 1.86 (1.3–2.7) | 1.90 (1.2–2.9) | ||
| Condom use | |||||
| Never | 190/538 (35%) | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.03 |
| Ever | 19/74 (26%) | 0.63 (0.4–1.1) | 0.55 (0.3–1.0) | ||
| Oral contraceptive use | |||||
| Never | 179/525 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.94 | — | |
| Ever | 30/87 (34%) | 1.02 (0.6–1.6) | |||
| Residence of current partner | |||||
| Same household | 183/550 (33%) | 1.00 | 0.17 | — | |
| Elsewhere | 26/62 (42%) | 1.44 (0.8–2.5) | |||
| N gonorrhoeae infection | |||||
| No | 202/598 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| Yes | 7/11 (64%) | 3.43 (1.0–12) | 4.46 (1.2–16.0) | ||
| C trachomatis infection | |||||
| No | 200/578 (35%) | 1.00 | 0.32 | — | |
| Yes | 9/34 (26%) | 0.68 (0.3–1.5) | |||
| T vaginalis infection | |||||
| No | 181/509 (36%) | 1.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.009 |
| Yes | 25/99 (25%) | 0.61 (0.4–1.0) | 0.52 (0.3–0.9) | ||
| Genital warts | |||||
| No | 199/594 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.04 |
| Yes | 10/18 (56%) | 2.48 (1.0–6.4) | 2.80 (1.1–7.5) | ||
| TPHA (past syphilis) | |||||
| Negative | 186/549 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.61 | — | |
| Positive | 23/62 (37%) | 1.15 (0.7–2.0) | |||
| TPHA/RPR (active syphilis) | |||||
| Negative | 191/561 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.78 | — | |
| Positive (dual) | 18/50 (36%) | 1.09 (0.6–2.0) | |||
| HIV-1 infection | |||||
| No | 173/511 (34%) | 1.00 | 0.92 | — | |
| Yes | 33/96 (34%) | 1.02 (0.6–1.6) | |||