| Heterosexual sex among MSM, lifetime No of studies (range of results) (%) | Heterosexual sex among MSM, last year No of studies (range of results) (%) | Proportion of MSM who are married No of studies (range of results) (%) | Transgender among MSM No of studies (range of results) (%) | Sex workers among MSM No of studies (range of results) (%) | References | |||||||
| Africa | 3 (41–86) | 2 (50–69) | 2 (8–15) | 1 (2) | 2 (74–76) | 37–39, 44, 56–59 | ||||||
| East-South | 1 (41) | 2 (50–69) | ND | ND | 2 (74–76) | |||||||
| West-Central | 2 (46–86) | ND | 2 (8–15) | 1 (2) | ND | |||||||
| Asia | 9 (25–73) | 10 (11–98) | 12 (3–42) | 3 (2–63) | 6 (12–64) | 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 33, 40, 46, 60–69 | ||||||
| East | 5 (50–73) | 2 (11–52) | 7 (7–29)‡ | ND | 1 (17) | |||||||
| South | 1 (68) | 2 (20–98) | 3 (21–42) | 2 (10–63) | 2 (23–64) | |||||||
| South-East | 3 (25–61)† | 4 (40–70) | 2 (3–13) | 1 (2) | 3 (12–58) | |||||||
| Caribbean | 1 (78) | ND | 1 (41) | ND | 1 (45) | 70 | ||||||
| Eastern Europe and Central Asia | 2 (44–53) | ND | 1 (7) | ND | 2 (5%–15) | 31, 32, 71 | ||||||
| Latin America | 5 (25–64)¶ | 4 (8–30)§ | 1 (5)** | 4 (4.3–19) | 6 (10–31) | 23–29, 34, 35, 72, 73 | ||||||
| Middle East and North Africa | ND | ND | 1 (16) | ND | ND | 74 | ||||||
| Total | 20 (25–86) | 16 (8–98) | 16 (3–42) | 7 (2–63) | 13 (5–76) |
ND, no data.
*Some studies include data on male commercial sex workers and/or transgender populations such as hijras.
†Lower range is from Bangkok, Thailand.
‡Lower range is from Beijing, China.
¶Highest rate comes from El Salvador and the remaining rates are equal to or lower than 31.7%. One report from each of five Central American countries.
§Includes one study from Peru showing a prevalence of heterosexual sex of 29.6% among all MSM but limited to the last 3 months.
**All data come from one paper showing pooled data from five countries—El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. Value per country ranges from 1.2%–10.1%.