Nationality | OR for EE/FSU migrants | ||||||||||
All | UK-born | EE/FSU | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | p Value† | ||||||
n/n | % | n | % | n | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Sexual risk behaviours | |||||||||||
10 or more clients per week | 98/188 | 52.1% | 33 | 42.3% | 65 | 59.1% | 2.0 | 1.09 to 3.55 | 2.7 | 1.17 to 6.27 | 0.02 |
7 or more new clients per week | 75/171 | 43.9% | 25 | 33.8% | 50 | 51.5% | 2.1 | 1.12 to 3.90 | 3.2 | 1.26 to 8.19 | 0.02 |
Currently has non-paying sex partner | 106/253 | 41.9% | 47 | 45.6% | 59 | 39.3% | 1.3 | 0.78 to 2.15 | 1.2 | 0.58 to 2.35 | 0.66 |
Did not use condom the last time had vaginal sex with a client | 2/252 | 0.8% | 2 | 1.9% | 0 | 0.0% | |||||
Did not use condom the last time had oral sex with a client | 51/248 | 20.6% | 25 | 25.0% | 26 | 17.6% | 0.6 | 0.34 to 1.19 | 1.3 | 0.53 to 3.15 | 0.57 |
Did not use condom the last time had vaginal sex with a non-paying partner‡ | 156/225 | 69.3% | 64 | 67.4% | 92 | 70.8% | 0.5 | 0.48 to 1.51 | 1.7 | 0.77 to 3.69 | 0.19 |
No contraceptives used in the last 4 weeks§ | 49/258 | 19.0% | 13 | 12.5% | 36 | 23.4% | 2.1 | 1.07 to 4.26 | 2.8 | 1.06 to 7.56 | 0.04 |
Use of services | |||||||||||
Never been visited by an outreach worker/nurse at place of sex work | 136/249 | 54.6% | 65 | 65.0% | 71 | 47.7% | 0.5 | 0.29 to 0.83 | 0.4 | 0.19 to 0.81 | 0.01 |
No HIV test in the last 12 months | 184/235 | 78.3% | 64 | 69.6% | 120 | 83.9% | 2.28 | 1.22 to 4.28 | 1.9 | 0.81 to 4.53 | 0.14 |
No STI screen in the past 6 months | 48/265 | 18.1% | 20 | 19.1% | 28 | 17.5% | 0.9 | 0.48 to 1.70 | 1.1 | 0.44 to 2.50 | 0.91 |
Not registered with a GP | 83/253 | 32.8% | 4 | 4.0% | 79 | 52.0% | 26.2 | 9.19 to 74.9 | 21.1 | 6.33 to 70.1 | <0.001 |
Adverse health outcomes | |||||||||||
Physical violence¶ from clients in the last 12 months | 63/255 | 24.7% | 26 | 25.2% | 37 | 24.3% | 0.9 | 0.53 to 1.70 | 0.9 | 0.35 to 1.73 | 0.55 |
Physical violence¶ from non-paying partners in the last 12 months | 37/254 | 14.6% | 17 | 16.5% | 20 | 13.2% | 0.8 | 0.38 to 1.56 | 0.7 | 0.28 to 1.96 | 1.45 |
Sexual violence** from clients in the last 12 months | 38/255 | 14.9% | 23 | 22.3% | 15 | 9.8% | 0.4 | 0.19 to 0.77 | 0.3 | 0.11 to 0.89 | 0.03 |
Sexual violence** from non-paying partners in the last 12 months | 18/255 | 7.6% | 11 | 10.7% | 7 | 4.6% | 0.4 | 0.15 to 1.07 | 0.2 | 0.12 to 1.47 | 0.15 |
Alcohol consumption†† audit score 3+ | 137/237 | 57.8% | 73 | 73% | 64 | 46.7% | 0.3 | 0.19 to 0.56 | 0.4 | 0.19 to 0.88 | 0.02 |
Ever been arrested or imprisoned | 53/262 | 20.2% | 43 | 41.3% | 10 | 6.3% | 0.1 | 0.04 to 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.05 to 0.45 | 0.00 |
Biological data | |||||||||||
Any infection (HIV, T pallidum, C trachomatis, N gonorrhoea) | 24/234 | 10.3% | 6 | 6.5% | 18 | 12.8% | 2.1 | 0.81 to 5.56 | 1.7 | 0.46 to 6.57 | 0.41 |
HIV | 3/268 | 1.1% | 1 | 0.9% | 2 | 1.2% | 1.3 | 0.11 to 14.4 | 2.9 | 0.11 to 78.4 | 0.52 |
T pallidum | 6/268 | 2.2% | 2 | 1.9% | 4 | 2.4% | 1.3 | 0.23 to 7.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 to 17.7 | 0.96 |
C trachomatis | 10/232 | 4.3% | 3 | 3.3% | 7 | 5.0% | 1.6 | 0.39 to 6.2 | 0.7 | 0.11 to 4.3 | 0.69 |
N gonorrhoea | 5/232 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 5 | 3.6% | |||||
Current infection (N gonorrhoea and/or C trachomatis) | 15/233 | 6.4% | 3 | 3.3% | 12 | 8.5% | 2.8 | 0.76 to 10.1 | 1.6 | 0.32 to 7.79 | 0.58 |
↵* Model adjusted for age, duration of sex work, lifetime experience of drug use, recruitment location.
↵† p Value derived from Wald test.
↵‡ Excludes respondents who have not had vaginal sex with a non-paying partner in the last 12 months.
↵§ Participants were asked which methods of contraceptives they had used in the last 4 weeks from a wide range of hormonal and barrier methods; multiple responses were permitted and contraceptive was the third most commonly reported response.
↵¶ Physical violence is defined as reporting one or more of the following incidences: being robbed, hit, beaten, threatened, attacked with a weapon, kidnapped.
↵** Sexual violence is defined as forced to have vaginal or anal sex or oral sex, gang raped, attempted anal or vaginal sex, touched against your will.
↵†† Calculated on the basis of answers to first three questions of AUDIT questionnaire: How often do you have a drink containing alcohol? On a typical day when you are drinking, how many drinks containing alcohol do you have? How often do you have six or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion? A score of three or more suggests hazardous drinking.
GP, general practitioner; STI, sexually transmitted infection.