Table 3

HIV care and treatment studies

Citation		Author	Date	Country	HIV prevalence	Target population/setting	Integration detail	Intervention scale	Costing methods	Unit costs and cost-effectiveness	Unit
HIV palliative care
W31	Hansen		1998	Zimbabwe	26.30	Facility-based home outreach	One stop Same structure	At Scale 4 schemes costed 67 schemes existing	Economic Full costs Health services perspective	(1) $191 (2) $465.9 (3) $509.7 (4) $271.3	(1) Home visit (urban) (2) Home visit (rural) (3) Home visit (rural) (4) Home visit (urban)
				Zimbabwe	26.30	Facility-based home outreach	One stop Same structure	At scale 4 schemes costed 67 schemes existing	Economic Full costs Household costs	$825.7–$1249	3 months
W32	Chandler		2004	Rwanda	3.20	(1) Facility-based home outreach (2) Facility-based home outreach (3) Facility-based home outreach (4) Community-based home outreach (5) Community-based home outreach (6) Community-based home outreach (7) Community-based home outreach (8) Community-based home outreach	One stop Same structure	At scale (assumed) 8 schemes costed	Full costs Economic Health service perspective	(1) $39.08 (2) $37.21 (3) $43.01 (4) $29.26 (5) $16.15 (6) $28.49 (7) $16.21 (8) $15.21	Client per month
W33	Bikilla		2009	Ethiopia	Unknown	HIV patients HIV clinic within district hospital	One stop Same structure	At scale 1 facility costed 272 sites existing	Economic (assumed) Full costs District hospital perspective	(a) $35 (b) $92	(a) Patient annually (outpatient) (b) Patient annually (inpatient)
W34	Uys		2002	South Africa	17.70	Community-based home outreach, clinic and hospital care	Not clear	Pilot 7 sites	Economic Incremental costs Health services perspective	$1209	Patient annually
Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy
W17	Hausler		2006	South Africa	17	CT, ANC TB and STI clients (1) Community health centre (2) PHC clinic	One stop Same structure	Pilot 3 facilities costed 12 facilities existing	Economic Full costs Health services perspective	(1) (a) $10 (b) $53 (2) (a) $7 (b) $24	(1) (a) Person per 6 months of treatment (b) Person completing treatment
W35	Pitter		2007	Uganda	6.30	(1) All HIV-positive individuals (2) WHO stages ≥2 (3) CD4<500 (4) WHO stages ≥2 or CD4<500 facility-based home outreach/hospital	One stop Same structure	Pilot 1 scheme	Economic Incremental costs Health services perspective	(1) $54.45 (2) $59.05 (3) $77.03 (4) $59.15 Do nothing: $57.37	Patient annually
W36	Yazdanpanah		2005	Cote D'Ivoire	4.80	University hospital and community clinics (1) WHO stage ≥3 (2) WHO stage ≥2 (3) CD4≤50 (4) CD4≤200 (5) CD4≤500 (6) All HIV positive	Not clear	Model Scale not clear	Costing not clear Incremental costs Health service perspective	(1) $1661 (2) $1700 (3) $1752 (4) $1752 (5) $1790 (6) $1700	Person lifetime
				Cote D'Ivoire	4.80	University hospital and community clinics (1) WHO stages ≥3 (2) WHO stages ≥2 (3) CD4≤50 (4) CD4≤200 (5) CD4≤500 (6) All HIV positive	Not clear	Model Scale not clear	Costing not clear Incremental costs Health service perspective	(1) $142 (2) $258 (3) Dominated (4) Dominated (5) Dominated (6) $193	Life year saved over do-nothing
PMTCT
W37	Stringer		2000	Sub-Saharan Africa	15% assumed	(1) (a) ANC clients (targeted therapy) (b) ANC clients (mass therapy) (2) (a) Labour/delivery clients (infant only) (b) Labour/delivery clients (mass therapy)	One stop Same structure	Model Scale not clear	Costing not clear Full costs (assumed) Third-party payer perspective	(1) (a) $153 886 (b) $175 493 (2) (a) $114 415 (b) $155 850 Do nothing: $139 240	10 000 women
W21	Sweat		2004	(1) Botswana (2) Cote d'Ivoire (3) Kenya (4) Rwanda (5) Tanzania (6) Uganda (7) Zambia (8) Zimbabwe	(1) 25.8 (2) 5.3 (3) 7.1 (4) 3.2 (5) 6.4 (6) 6.4 (7) 14 (8) 19.8	ANC clients	One stop Same structure	Model National	Costing not clear Incremental costs Health services Perspective	(1) $2329 (2) $11 924 (3) $5528 (4) $2406 (5) $2942 (6) $6255 (7) $3305 (8) $4602	Perinatal HIV infection averted
				(1) Botswana (2) Cote d'Ivoire (3) Kenya (4) Rwanda (5) Tanzania (6) Uganda (7) Zambia (8) Zimbabwe	(1) 25.8 (2) 5.3 (3) 7.1 (4) 3.2 (5) 6.4 (6) 6.4 (7) 14 (8) 19.8	ANC clients	One stop Same structure	Model National	Costing not clear Incremental costs Health services Perspective	(1) $75 (2) $399 (3) $180 (4) $85 (5) $99 (6) $216 (7) $111 (8) $148	DALY averted
W16	Bratt		2011	Zambia	13.50	(1) Arthur Davison Children's Hospital (2) Ndola Central Hospital (3) Chipokota Mayamba Clinic (4) Kabwe General Hospital (5) Mahatma Gandhi Health Center (6) Kasanda Health Center (7) Kabompo District Hospital (8) St. Kalemba Clinic (9) Mufumbwa Health Center (10) Kawambwa District Hospital (11) Mbereshi Mission Hospital (12) Kawambwa Central Clinic	One stop Same structure	At scale 12 facilities costed 219 facilities existing	Economic Full costs Health services Perspective	(1) NA (2) $28–$50 (3) $20–$51 (4) NA (5) NA (6) $20 (7) $38–$62 (8) $73 (9) $58 (10) NA (11) $31–$62 (12) NA	PMTCT visit
ART
W38	Kitajima		2003	Thailand	1.50	HIV clinics within regional hospitals	Referral Same structure	Pilot 2 hospitals	Financial (assumed) Full costs Third-party payer perspective	(a) $354 (b) $420.6	(a) Outpatient visit (b) Inpatient visit
W39	Rosen		2008	South Africa	17.90	(1) ART patients (hospital) (2) ART patients (private ART programme) (3) ART patients (stand-alone HIV clinic) (4) ART patients (PHC clinic)	One stop Same structure	At scale 4 facilities costed	Economic Full costs Health services Perspective	(1) $831 (2) $984 (3) $1024 (4) $1237	Patient annually
W33	Bikilla		2009	Ethiopia	Unknown	HIV patients HIV clinic within district hospital	One stop Same structure	At scale 1 facility costed 272 sites existing	Economic (assumed) Full costs District hospital perspective	(a) $267 (b) $33	(a) Patient annually (outpatient) (b) Patient annually (inpatient)
W40	Marseille		2009	Uganda	6.50	HIV patients Facility-based home outreach	One stop Same structure	Pilot 1 HBC scheme	Economic (assumed) Incremental costs Health service perspective	$696	Incremental DALY averted over CPT only
W41	Renaud		2009	Burundi	3.30	ART patients PHC clinic for HIV positive	One stop Same structure	Pilot 1 facility	Financial (assumed) Incremental costs Health services perspective	(a) $1389 (b) $1177 (c) $1020 (d) $842 (e) $805 (f) $783	(a) Patient in 2003 (b) Patient in 2004 (c) Patient in 2005 (d) Patient in 2006 (e) Patient in 2007 (f) Patient in 2008
				Burundi	3.30	ART patients PHC clinic for HIV positive	One stop Same structure	Pilot 1 facility	Financial (assumed) Incremental costs Health service perspective	$275	Incremental DALY averted over ‘do nothing’
W16	Bratt		2011	Zambia	13.50	(1) Arthur Davison Children's Hospital (2) Ndola Central Hospital (3) Chipokota Mayamba Clinic (4) Kabwe General Hospital (5) Mahatma Gandhi Health Center (6) Kasanda Health Center (7) Kabompo District Hospital (8) St. Kalemba Clinic (9) Mufumbwa District Hospital (10) Kawambwa District Hospital (11) Mbereshi Mission Hospital (12) Kawambwa Central Clinic	One stop Same structure	At scale 12 facilities costed 219 facilities existing	Economic Full costs Health services Perspective	(1) $31 (2) $18–$30 (3) $17–$27 (4) $27–$30 (5) $NA (6) $23–$33 (7) $35–$39 (8) NA (9) $39–$43 (10) $33–$37 (11) $25–$34 (12) NA	ART visit
W42	Bautista		2003	Mexico	0.30	Hospitals and AIDS clinics	Not clear	At scale 11 health facilities costed	Financial (assumed) Full costs Third-party payer perspective	(a) $997 (b) $881 (c) $1336 (d) $4748 (e) $3674 (f) $3686	(a) 3 years pre-ART (b) 2 years pre-ART (c) 1 year pre-ART (d) 1 year post-ART (e) 2 years post-ART (f) 3 years post-ART
W43	Cleary		2006	South Africa	18.10	ART clinics within PHC clinics	Not clear	Pilot 3 ART clinics	Economic Full costs Health services Perspective	(a) $23.05 (b) $11 253 (c) $1175 (d) $1314	(a) Clinic visit (b) Patient lifetime (c) Life year gained over do-nothing (d) QALY gained over do-nothing
W44	Quentin		2008	Rwanda	2.90	PHC clinics	Not clear	Model National	Financial Full costs Third-party payer perspective	$554.10 $100.30	(a) ART patient per year (b) Non-ART patient per year
W45	Babigumira		2009	Uganda	6.50	(1) Unspecified mobile clinic care (2) Unspecified HBC (3) Facility-based care	Not clear	Model Scale not clear	Financial Full costs Health services perspective	(1) $4948 (2) $7277 (3) $3323	Patient annually

All costs adjusted to 2010 USD.
ANC, antenatal care; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CT, counselling and testing; DALY, disability-adjusted life year; HBC, home-based care; PHC, primary healthcare; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TB, tuberculosis; CPT, cotrimoxazole preventive therapy.