Factors associated with use of modern* contraceptive method during follow-up
| No. using modern contraception/visits (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† | |
| Socio-demographic and behavioural factors at baseline | |||
| Age (years) | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |
| 16–19 | 256/265 (96.6%) | 17.98 (2.85 to 113.34) | 31.05 (4.56 to 211.21) |
| 20–24 | 1369/1449 (94.5%) | 6.66 (3.19 to 13.87) | 8.85 (3.83 to 20.46) |
| 25–29 | 2363/2583 (91.5%) | 4.85 (2.67 to 8.81) | 5.51 (2.88 to 10.54) |
| 30–35 | 2649/3229 (82.0%) | 1 | 1 |
| Educational level | p=0.07 | p=0.20 | |
| None | 754/885 (85.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| Incomplete primary | 1086/1208 (89.9%) | 3.08 (1.15 to 8.27) | 2.65 (0.96 to 7.26) |
| Completed primary/higher | 4797/5433 (88.3%) | 2.14 (0.97 to 4.75) | 1.83 (0.82 to 4.10) |
| Marital status | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |
| Married/living as married | 1691/2018 (83.8%) | 1 | 1 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 3660/4139 (88.4%) | 2.16 (1.19 to 3.93) | 1.89 (0.99 to 3.61) |
| Single | 1286/1369 (93.9%) | 8.10 (3.43 to 19.13) | 7.80 (2.83 to 21.52) |
| Occupational group at screening | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |
| Local food handler | 3256/3809 (85.5%) | 1 | 1 |
| Guesthouse | 620/683 (90.8%) | 2.15 (0.87 to 5.31) | 2.27 (0.86 to 5.95) |
| Bar worker | 1122/1178 (95.3%) | 6.90 (2.94 to 16.22) | 4.84 (1.94 to 12.08) |
| Local brew seller | 547/683 (80.1%) | 0.41 (0.16 to 1.05) | 0.56 (0.22 to 1.38) |
| Restaurant/cafe/grocery | 1092/1173 (93.1%) | 4.42 (2.00 to 9.75) | 3.70 (1.59 to 8.64) |
| Religion | p=0.04 | p=0.07 | |
| Catholic | 3219/3586 (89.8%) | 1 | 1 |
| Protestant | 1603/1875 (85.5%) | 0.56 (0.30 to 1.04) | 0.50 (0.26 to 0.96) |
| Muslim | 1607/1798 (89.4%) | 1.22 (0.63 to 2.35) | 1.32 (0.67 to 2.63) |
| Other/none | 208/267 (77.9%) | 0.21 (0.05 to 0.87) | 0.42 (0.11 to 1.64) |
| Number of children ever had | p=0.02 | p<0.001 | |
| None | 887/1085 (81.8%) | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1676/1902 (88.1%) | 2.26 (0.99 to 5.16) | 3.48 (1.44 to 8.38) |
| 2–4 | 3561/3944 (90.3%) | 3.44 (1.63 to 7.27) | 14.78 (6.14 to 35.60) |
| ≥5 | 513/595 (86.2%) | 3.69 (1.16 to 11.78) | 50.60 (13.54 to 189.13) |
| Wish to have children in future | p=0.29 | p=0.48 | |
| No | 2926/3290 (88.9%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3612/4124 (87.6%) | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.07) | 0.67 (0.36 to 1.25) |
| Don't know | 86/97 (88.7%) | 1.65 (0.11 to 24.50) | 1.31 (0.06 to 28.19) |
| Any regular partner | p=0.19 | p=0.03 | |
| Yes | 5558/6265 (88.7%) | 1.71 (0.88 to 3.35) | 2.47 (1.19 to 5.13) |
| No | 1079/1261 (85.6%) | 1 | 1 |
| Living with partner | p=0.001 | p=0.11‡ | |
| In the same house | 1723/2055 (83.8%) | 1 | 1 |
| Apart, meet weekly | 2718/3000 (90.6%) | 3.00 (1.59 to 5.68) | 0.64 (0.20 to 2.06) |
| Apart, meet 3 monthly or less | 1056/1148 (92.0%) | 4.90 (2.08 to 11.56) | 1.02 (0.28 to 3.71) |
| No regular partner | 1079/1261 (85.6%) | 1.33 (0.61 to 2.89) | 0.30 (0.08 to 1.10) |
| Time-varying behavioural factors during follow-up | |||
| Sexual partners in the last 3 months | p<0.001 | p=0.02 | |
| 0–1 | 4484/5205 (86.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1460/1595 (91.5%) | 1.76 (1.22 to 2.53) | 1.59 (1.10 to 2.29) |
| ≥3 | 693/726 (95.5%) | 2.43 (1.32 to 4.47) | 1.89 (1.02 to 3.51) |
| Paid sex in the past 3 months | p<0.001 | p=0.10 | |
| No | 4535/5268 (86.1%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2102/2258 (93.1%) | 2.03 (1.44 to 2.86) | 1.69 (0.91 to 3.12) |
| Current HIV status | p=0.46 | p=0.85 | |
| Negative | 3908/4421 (88.4%) | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 2729/3105 (87.9%) | 1.21 (0.74 to 1.96) | 1.04 (0.63 to 1.72) |
| HIV positive and aware | p=0.03 | p=0.02§ | |
| No | 1052/1178 (89.3%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1677/1927 (87.0%) | 0.44 (0.21 to 0.92) | 0.43 (0.21 to 0.87) |
| HIV negative and aware | p=0.28 | p=0.46§ | |
| No | 1220/1346 (90.6%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2688/3075 (87.4%) | 0.71 (0.38 to 1.33) | 0.77 (0.41 to 1.45) |
↵* Modern contraception defined as any hormonal method, IUCD or condoms.
↵† Adjusted for independent predictors of using contraception: age group, marital status, occupational group at screening, number of children, any regular partner and number of partners in the past 3 months.
↵‡ Adjusted for all independent predictors of using contraception listed in second footnote, except for any regular partner.
↵§ Both variables relating to HIV status and knowledge of HIV status included in the model at the same time, adjusted for independent predictors of using contraception listed in second footnote. Shows association between using modern contraception and knowledge of HIV status separately among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.