Associations between socioeconomic circumstances (SEC) and chlamydia prevalence in medium-rated studies
| Study | Socioeconomic measure | Findings | Factors included in multivariate regression analysis | ||||||||
| Women | Men | Aggregated | |||||||||
| First author, date | Country | Sample size | Measure and reference | Comparison | UOR* | AOR* | UOR* | AOR* | UOR* | AOR* | |
| Educational SEC measures | |||||||||||
| Vuylsteke, 199919 | Belgium | Women: 2784 | School type:General/art | Technical | 13.0 | 2.3 (1.0–5.0) | No study participants | Individual sexual behaviour (partners in last year), symptoms, pregnancy | |||
| Vocational | 10.2 | ||||||||||
| Asbel, 200618 | USA | Women: 9406 Men: 9988 | School type: magnet school | Neighbourhood | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | Not reported | 4.4 (2.1–8.8) | Not reported | |||
| Vocational | 2.7 (2.0–3.6) | 2.9 (1.3–6.4) | |||||||||
| Special admission | 2.1 (1.5–2.9) | 3.2 (1.4–7.5) | |||||||||
| Disciplinary | 5.2 (3.7–7.5) | 8.9 (4.0–19.6) | |||||||||
| Stein, 20087 (AddHealth§) | USA | Women: 5854 Men: 5074 | Education > high school | < High school | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | NA | 2.2 (1.3–3.6) | 1.7 (1.0–3.1) | Age, ethnicity and individual sexual behaviour (condom use), symptoms, perceived risk, healthcare use | ||
| USA | Current student | Not a student | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 2.2 (1.4–3.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.6) | NA | |||||
| Goulet, 201017 (NatChla †) | France | Women: 724 Men: 506 | Education: High participation | Intermediate | 2.8 (0.7–11.5) | 3.2 (0.7–15.1) | 1 | NA | Age, ethnicity and individual behaviour (condom use, partner change in last year) | ||
| Low | 13.5 (2.3–79.3) | 16.5 (2.4–112.1) | 1.2 | ||||||||
| Götz, 20058 | Netherlands | 6303 | Education: High participation | Intermediate | 1.9 (1.2–3) | 2.2 (1.4–3.6) | Age, ethnicity and individual sexual behaviour (partners), symptoms | ||||
| Low | 2.8 (1.8–4.4) | 3.0 (1.8–4.9) | |||||||||
| Datta, 200720 (NHANES‡) | USA | 6632 | Education: > high school | < High school | 3.2 | 2.9 (1.3–6.6) | Age, ethnicity and individual sexual behaviour (lifetime partners) | ||||
| Employment and income SEC measures | |||||||||||
| Stein, 20087 (AddHealth§) | USA | Women: 5854 Men: 5074 | Poverty: can pay utilities | Can't pay | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | Age, ethnicity and individual sexual behaviour (condom use), symptoms, perceived risk, healthcare use | ||||
| Employment: job | No job | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | ||||||||
| Fenton, 200121 (Natsal-2)¶ | Britain | Women: 2055 Men: 1474 | Social class I & II | III | 0.7 (0.2–3.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | |||||
| IV | 1.3 (0.5–3.2) | 1·3 (0.3–5.6) | |||||||||
| V | 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) | |||||||||
| Datta, 200720 (NHANES‡) | USA | 6632 | Income: >$20 000 per annum | <$20 000 per annum | 2.4 | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) | Age, ethnicity and individual sexual behaviour (lifetime sexual partners) | ||||
| Area-based SEC measure | |||||||||||
| Macleod, 200523 | Britain | Women: 1437 Men: 1083 | Index of multiple deprivation | 10+ points in deprivation | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | Age, marital status, ethnicity, % nonwhite in practice, clustering at practice level, sampling probability | ||
↵* UOR represents the unadjusted odds ratio, and AOR represents the adjusted odds ratio. Numbers in bold indicates significant associations at p=0.05
↵† NatChla is a subsample tested for chlamydia in the Contexte de la Sexualité en France survey.
↵‡ NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
↵§ AddHealth, Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.
↵¶ Natsal-2, the second UK National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles.