Table 3

Association between socio-demographic, injecting drug use, sexual behaviour and other characteristics, and HIV, use of used syringes (at last injection), and use of a professional injector (last injection) among injection drug users in Sindh, 2011*†

	HIV		Used dirty syringe, last injection		Used professional injector, last injection
	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value
Age group
<20	Ref		Ref		Ref
20–24	0.58 (0.24 to 1.37)	0.212	0.68 (0.27 to 1.74)	0.423	0.90 (0.37 to 2.20)	0.824
25–29	0.50 (0.21 to 1.17)	0.110	0.66 (0.27 to 1.64)	0.374	0.61 (0.25 to 1.47)	0.270
30–34	0.50 (0.21 to 1.18)	0.114	1.06 (0.42 to 2.64)	0.909	0.51 (0.21 to 1.24)	0.138
35–39	0.27 (0.11 to 0.66)	0.004	1.27 (0.50 to 3.22)	0.616	0.56 (0.23 to 1.40)	0.216
40+	0.21 (0.08 to 0.54)	0.001	1.24 (0.47 to 3.28)	0.667	0.55 (0.21 to 1.41)	0.213
Education
Illiterate	Ref		Ref		Ref
Primary school only	0.85 (0.57 to 1.28)	0.443	1.22 (0.82 to 1.82)	0.316	0.93 (0.62 to 1.40)	0.734
Middle school or more	0.87 (0.59 to 1.27)	0.471	0.72 (0.48 to 1.09)	0.120	1.39 (0.96 to 2.01)	0.080
Marital
Unmarried	Ref		Ref		Ref
Currently married	0.80 (0.56 to 1.16)	0.241	0.60 (0.41 to 0.87)	0.007	0.79 (0.55 to 1.13)	0.188
Separated/divorced	2.36 (1.08 to 5.14)	0.030	1.14 (0.51 to 2.54)	0.747	3.80 (1.59 to 9.04)	0.003
Where living
Home	Ref		Ref		Ref
Hostel/hotel, etc	0.67 (0.34 to 1.31)	0.245	1.59 (0.89 to 2.85)	0.117	1.26 (0.69 to 2.28)	0.452
Street/lane, etc	1.45 (1.02 to 2.06)	0.039	1.06 (0.74 to 1.53)	0.743	0.99 (0.70 to 1.41)	0.974
Duration of injecting habit
1 year or less	Ref		Ref		Ref
2 years	1.19 (0.67 to 2.11)	0.559	1.50 (0.77 to 2.94)	0.235	0.60 (0.34 to 1.04)	0.070
5–9 years	1.32 (0.73 to 2.39)	0.359	1.07 (0.54 to 2.15)	0.841	0.57 (0.32 to 1.01)	0.054
10+ years	0.98 (0.51 to 1.88)	0.953	0.84 (0.40 to 1.76)	0.653	0.24 (0.13 to 0.45)	0.000
Frequency of injection, yesterday
0 times	Ref		Ref		Ref
1–2 times	0.81 (0.13 to 4.84)	0.813	0.90 (0.14 to 5.81)	0.909	4.88 (0.40 to 58.97)	0.213
3+ times	0.80 (0.13 to 4.76)	0.804	1.55 (0.24 to 9.88)	0.645	3.40 (0.28 to 41.02)	0.336
Where last injected
Non-public space	Ref		Ref		Ref
Public space	1.51 (0.85 to 2.70)	0.161	1.72 (1.02 to 2.90)	0.042	0.57 (0.33 to 0.98)	0.042
Who last injected with
Nobody	Ref		Ref		Ref
Someone else	0.78 (0.46 to 1.32)	0.354	0.26 (0.16 to 0.43)	0.000	9.59 (4.63 to 19.86)	0.000
Used dirty syringe, last injection
No	Ref		–	–	Ref
Yes	1.08 (0.76 to 1.55)	0.664	–	–	1.06 (0.74 to 1.53)	0.739
Used a professional injector, last injection
No	Ref		Ref		–	–
Yes	1.22 (0.87 to 1.73)	0.253	1.09 (0.76 to 1.57)	0.648	–	–
Injected avil
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.65 (0.37 to 1.14)	0.132	2.65 (1.31 to 5.37)	0.007	1.75 (0.95 to 3.26)	0.075
Injected heroin
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.48 (0.80 to 2.72)	0.208	0.83 (0.47 to 1.45)	0.511	1.03 (0.51 to 2.08)	0.938
Injected diazepam
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.69 (0.35 to 1.36)	0.289	0.95 (0.48 to 1.86)	0.877	2.58 (1.44 to 4.59)	0.001
Injected tamgesic
No	Ref		Ref		–	–
Yes	5.20 (0.64 to 42.44)	0.124	2.46 (0.27 to 22.43)	0.426	–	–
Paid FSW, last 6 months
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.90 (0.52 to 1.54)	0.696	1.29 (0.80 to 2.09)	0.303	0.57 (0.34 to 0.98)	0.040
Paid MSW/HSW for sex, last 6 months
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	0.67 (0.39 to 1.18)	0.167	1.89 (1.17 to 3.07)	0.010	0.92 (0.55 to 1.56)	0.765
Has done sex work
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	2.25 (1.19 to 4.25)	0.013	1.25 (0.67 to 2.35)	0.478	2.02 (1.06 to 3.82)	0.032
Aware of Government of Pakistan IDU services
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.59 (1.12 to 2.24)	0.009	1.25 (0.88 to 1.79)	0.217	1.30 (0.93 to 1.83)	0.123

*Variables are considered statistically significant at the p<0.017 level, correcting for multiple comparisons.
†Karachi, Larkana, and Sukkur cities included in analyses.
FSW, female sex worker; HSW, hijra sex worker; IDU, injecting drug user; MSW, male sex worker.