HIV | Used dirty syringe, last injection | Used professional injector, last injection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age group | ||||||
<20 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
20–24 | 0.58 (0.24 to 1.37) | 0.212 | 0.68 (0.27 to 1.74) | 0.423 | 0.90 (0.37 to 2.20) | 0.824 |
25–29 | 0.50 (0.21 to 1.17) | 0.110 | 0.66 (0.27 to 1.64) | 0.374 | 0.61 (0.25 to 1.47) | 0.270 |
30–34 | 0.50 (0.21 to 1.18) | 0.114 | 1.06 (0.42 to 2.64) | 0.909 | 0.51 (0.21 to 1.24) | 0.138 |
35–39 | 0.27 (0.11 to 0.66) | 0.004 | 1.27 (0.50 to 3.22) | 0.616 | 0.56 (0.23 to 1.40) | 0.216 |
40+ | 0.21 (0.08 to 0.54) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.47 to 3.28) | 0.667 | 0.55 (0.21 to 1.41) | 0.213 |
Education | ||||||
Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Primary school only | 0.85 (0.57 to 1.28) | 0.443 | 1.22 (0.82 to 1.82) | 0.316 | 0.93 (0.62 to 1.40) | 0.734 |
Middle school or more | 0.87 (0.59 to 1.27) | 0.471 | 0.72 (0.48 to 1.09) | 0.120 | 1.39 (0.96 to 2.01) | 0.080 |
Marital | ||||||
Unmarried | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Currently married | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.16) | 0.241 | 0.60 (0.41 to 0.87) | 0.007 | 0.79 (0.55 to 1.13) | 0.188 |
Separated/divorced | 2.36 (1.08 to 5.14) | 0.030 | 1.14 (0.51 to 2.54) | 0.747 | 3.80 (1.59 to 9.04) | 0.003 |
Where living | ||||||
Home | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Hostel/hotel, etc | 0.67 (0.34 to 1.31) | 0.245 | 1.59 (0.89 to 2.85) | 0.117 | 1.26 (0.69 to 2.28) | 0.452 |
Street/lane, etc | 1.45 (1.02 to 2.06) | 0.039 | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.53) | 0.743 | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.41) | 0.974 |
Duration of injecting habit | ||||||
1 year or less | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
2 years | 1.19 (0.67 to 2.11) | 0.559 | 1.50 (0.77 to 2.94) | 0.235 | 0.60 (0.34 to 1.04) | 0.070 |
5–9 years | 1.32 (0.73 to 2.39) | 0.359 | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.15) | 0.841 | 0.57 (0.32 to 1.01) | 0.054 |
10+ years | 0.98 (0.51 to 1.88) | 0.953 | 0.84 (0.40 to 1.76) | 0.653 | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.45) | 0.000 |
Frequency of injection, yesterday | ||||||
0 times | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
1–2 times | 0.81 (0.13 to 4.84) | 0.813 | 0.90 (0.14 to 5.81) | 0.909 | 4.88 (0.40 to 58.97) | 0.213 |
3+ times | 0.80 (0.13 to 4.76) | 0.804 | 1.55 (0.24 to 9.88) | 0.645 | 3.40 (0.28 to 41.02) | 0.336 |
Where last injected | ||||||
Non-public space | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Public space | 1.51 (0.85 to 2.70) | 0.161 | 1.72 (1.02 to 2.90) | 0.042 | 0.57 (0.33 to 0.98) | 0.042 |
Who last injected with | ||||||
Nobody | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Someone else | 0.78 (0.46 to 1.32) | 0.354 | 0.26 (0.16 to 0.43) | 0.000 | 9.59 (4.63 to 19.86) | 0.000 |
Used dirty syringe, last injection | ||||||
No | Ref | – | – | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.55) | 0.664 | – | – | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.53) | 0.739 |
Used a professional injector, last injection | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | – | – | ||
Yes | 1.22 (0.87 to 1.73) | 0.253 | 1.09 (0.76 to 1.57) | 0.648 | – | – |
Injected avil | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 0.65 (0.37 to 1.14) | 0.132 | 2.65 (1.31 to 5.37) | 0.007 | 1.75 (0.95 to 3.26) | 0.075 |
Injected heroin | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.48 (0.80 to 2.72) | 0.208 | 0.83 (0.47 to 1.45) | 0.511 | 1.03 (0.51 to 2.08) | 0.938 |
Injected diazepam | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 0.69 (0.35 to 1.36) | 0.289 | 0.95 (0.48 to 1.86) | 0.877 | 2.58 (1.44 to 4.59) | 0.001 |
Injected tamgesic | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | – | – | ||
Yes | 5.20 (0.64 to 42.44) | 0.124 | 2.46 (0.27 to 22.43) | 0.426 | – | – |
Paid FSW, last 6 months | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.54) | 0.696 | 1.29 (0.80 to 2.09) | 0.303 | 0.57 (0.34 to 0.98) | 0.040 |
Paid MSW/HSW for sex, last 6 months | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 0.67 (0.39 to 1.18) | 0.167 | 1.89 (1.17 to 3.07) | 0.010 | 0.92 (0.55 to 1.56) | 0.765 |
Has done sex work | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 2.25 (1.19 to 4.25) | 0.013 | 1.25 (0.67 to 2.35) | 0.478 | 2.02 (1.06 to 3.82) | 0.032 |
Aware of Government of Pakistan IDU services | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 1.59 (1.12 to 2.24) | 0.009 | 1.25 (0.88 to 1.79) | 0.217 | 1.30 (0.93 to 1.83) | 0.123 |
*Variables are considered statistically significant at the p<0.017 level, correcting for multiple comparisons.
†Karachi, Larkana, and Sukkur cities included in analyses.
FSW, female sex worker; HSW, hijra sex worker; IDU, injecting drug user; MSW, male sex worker.