Behavioural and sociodemographic associations with incident HSV-2 or syphilis infection in women (n=4358)
| HSV-2 | Syphilis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | % Seroconversions (N)* | Univariate associations IRR (95% CI) | Combined multivariate model adjusted IRR (95% CI) | Percentage positive (N) | Univariate associations IRR (95% CI) | Combined multivariate model adjusted IRR (95% CI) |
| Overall | 16.10 (3969) | – | – | 1.56 (4304) | – | – |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age at baseline (years) | ||||||
| 15–19 | 6.61 (666) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.43 (690) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–24 | 12.20 (746) | 1.90 (1.33 to 2.73) | 1.46 (1.01 to 2.11) | 0.77 (780) | 1.77 (0.44 to 7.09) | 1.52 (0.38 to 6.18) |
| 25–29 | 12.93 (665) | 2.03 (1.41 to 2.92) | 1.52 (1.04 to 2.21) | 1.11 (718) | 2.58 (0.68 to 9.73) | 2.22 (0.60 to 8.33) |
| 30–34 | 17.90 (553) | 2.88 (2.02 to 4.11) | 2.02 (1.39 to 2.92) | 1.94 (620) | 4.49 (1.27 to 15.92) | 3.31 (0.92 to 11.83) |
| 35–39 | 22.37 (541) | 3.70 (2.62 to 5.22) | 2.52 (1.75 to 3.64) | 2.43 (617) | 5.66 (1.64 to 19.56) | 3.83 (1.09 to 13.48) |
| 40–44 | 25.91 (467) | 4.37 (3.10 to 6.16) | 3.02 (2.09 to 4.37) | 2.72 (514) | 6.34 (1.82 to 22.08) | 4.44 (1.26 to 15.62) |
| 45–49 | 23.26 (331) | 3.87 (2.67 to 5.60) | 2.74 (1.85 to 4.07) | 2.47 (365) | 5.75 (1.56 to 21.25) | 4.33 (1.18 to 15.94) |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 11.41 (1771) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.39 (2012) | 1.00 | – |
| Rural | 19.88 (2198) | 1.82 (1.54 to 2.14) | 1.45 (1.21 to 1.72) | 1.70 (2292) | 1.22 (0.75 to 1.98) | – |
| Standard of living index | ||||||
| 0–16 | 21.05 (1045) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.03 (1134) | 1.00 | – |
| 17–22 | 16.73 (1034) | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.95) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.05) | 2.14 (1122) | 1.06 (0.60 to 1.88) | – |
| 23–29 | 14.19 (1001) | 0.65 (0.53 to 0.80) | 0.79 (0.63 to 0.98) | 1.09 (1096) | 0.54 (0.27 to 1.09) | – |
| 30–54 | 11.70 (889) | 0.53 (0.42 to 0.67) | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.96) | 0.84 (952) | 0.42 (0.19 to 0.93) | – |
| Education† | ||||||
| None | 21.33 (1791) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.50 (1957) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any schooling | – | – | – | 0.77 (2347) | 0.30 (0.18 to 0.52) | 0.40 (0.23 to 0.70) |
| Class 1–10 | 13.28 (1800) | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.70) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.03) | 0.77 (1952) | – | – |
| Class 11–12 | 4.89 (184) | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.41) | 0.45 (0.23 to 0.90) | 1.06 (189) | – | – |
| Technical school/college | 4.64 (194) | 0.20 (0.10 to 0.38) | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.88) | 0.49 (206) | – | – |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Other | 15.83 (3916) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.51 (4243) | 1.00 | – |
| Field related | 35.85 (53) | 2.54 (1.63 to 3.97) | 1.84 (1.12 to 3.02) | 4.92 (61) | 3.21 (1.04 to 10.57) | – |
| Religion‡ | ||||||
| Hindu | 15.90 (2554) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.62 (2774) | 1.00 | – |
| Muslim | 9.53 (577) | 0.58 (0.44 to 0.77) | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.80) | 1.45 (622) | 0.89 (0.44 to 1.83) | – |
| Christian | 21.34 (834) | 1.37 (1.15 to 1.64) | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.48) | 1.44 (904) | 0.88 (0.47 to 1.63) | – |
| Other | 0 (4) | – | – | 0 (4) | – | – |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 2.53 (356) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0 (367) | – | – |
| Currently marred | 16.30 (3288) | 6.98 (3.61 to 13.48) | 2.86 (1.42 to 5.77) | 1.64 (3542) | 1.00 | – |
| Previously married | 38.92 (325) | 13.28 (6.71 to 26.28) | 4.35 (2.07 to 9.14) | 2.28 (395) | 1.40 (0.69 to 2.82) | – |
| Health behaviour | ||||||
| History of tattoo | ||||||
| No | 15.80 (3356) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.43 (3627) | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 21.70 (613) | 1.51 (1.25 to 1.82) | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.20) | 2.22 (677) | 1.57 (0.88 to 2.78) | – |
| Chew or smoke tobacco | ||||||
| Never | 16.01 (3847) | 1.00 | – | 1.44 (4170) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ever | 18.85 (122) | 1.21 (0.80 to 1.83) | – | 5.22 (134) | 3.74 (1.71 to 8.17) | 1.83 (0.79 to 4.22) |
| Sexual behaviour | ||||||
| Lifetime male sex partners§¶ | ||||||
| 0 | 2.77 (325) | 1.00 | – | 0 (335) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 16.04 (3242) | 6.25 (3.23 to 12.08) | – | 1.54 (3516) | ||
| >1 | 30.28 (317) | 12.68 (6.41 to 25.09) | – | 3.05 (361) | 2.15 (1.12 to 4.09) | 1.64 (0.85 to 3.18) |
| Syphilis/HSV-2 serostatus | ||||||
| Negative | 15.99 (3940) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.47 (3940) | 1.00 | – |
| Positive | 31.03 (29) | 2.10 (1.10 to 4.01) | 1.27 (0.61 to 2.65) | 2.47 (364) | 1.69 (0.84 to 3.40) | – |
| HSV-2/syphilis-positive spouse** | ||||||
| No | 15.28 (3847) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.46 (4236) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 41.80 (122) | 3.19 (2.42 to 4.21) | 3.27 (2.46 to 4.35) | 7.35 (68) | 5.18 (2.08 to 12.88) | 5.94 (2.28 to 15.47) |
*Seroconversion from negative to positive over study duration.
†Educational status dichotomised to any schooling versus no education for syphilis. 0 woman with technical school or college had incident infection.
‡For religion ‘other’ category excluded from regressions because of sample size.
§Lifetime male sex partners dichotomised to multiple versus 0 or 1. 0 woman who reported never having sex at baseline had syphilis.
¶Lifetime male sex partners excluded from final model because of collinearity with marital status.
**HSV-2-positive spouse included in HSV-2 model and syphilis-positive spouse included in syphilis model.
HSV-2, herpes simplex virus-2; IRR, incident rate ratio; N, total number of people (positive and negative) in category.