Behavioural and sociodemographic associations with incident herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) or syphilis infection in men (n=4136)
| HSV-2 | Syphilis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | % Seroconversions (N)* | Univariate associations IRR (95% CI) | Combined multivariate model adjusted IRR (95% CI) | Percentage positive (N) | Univariate associations IRR (95% CI) | Combined multivariate model adjusted IRR (95% CI) |
| Overall: | 10.81 (3923) | – | – | 1.80 (4052) | – | – |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age at baseline (years) | ||||||
| 15–19 | 3.66 (737) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.53 (753) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–24 | 5.65 (672) | 1.56 (0.95 to 2.55) | 1.34 (0.79 to 2.28) | 0.58 (687) | 1.09 (0.27 to 4.38) | 0.55 (0.14 to 2.14) |
| 25–29 | 9.05 (652) | 2.53 (1.61 to 4.00) | 2.07 (1.18 to 3.65) | 1.06 (662) | 1.99 (0.58 to 6.81) | 0.82 (0.23 to 2.96) |
| 30–34 | 13.23 (514) | 3.79 (2.43 to 5.92) | 2.78 (1.58 to 4.88) | 1.69 (533) | 3.19 (0.98 to 10.37) | 1.19 (0.34 to 4.12) |
| 35–39 | 13.60 (522) | 3.91 (2.51 to 6.08) | 2.82 (1.60 to 4.96) | 3.11 (546) | 5.94 (2.00 to 17.65) | 2.20 (0.68 to 7.07) |
| 40–44 | 16.42 (402) | 4.79 (3.06 to 7.49) | 3.37 (1.90 to 5.95) | 3.86 (414) | 7.40 (2.47 to 22.14) | 2.78 (0.86 to 9.01) |
| 45–49 | 22.41 (424) | 6.77 (4.42 to 10.37) | 4.79 (2.75 to 8.33) | 3.50 (457) | 6.70 (2.24 to 20.04) | 2.47 (0.74 to 8.29) |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 8.85 (1728) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.37 (1821) | 1.00 | – |
| Rural | 12.35 (2195) | 1.42 (1.17 to 1.73) | 1.30 (0.90 to 1.78) | 2.15 (2231) | 1.57 (0.97 to 2.55) | – |
| Standard of living index | ||||||
| 0–16 | 12.51 (983) | 1.00 | – | 2.00 (1000) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 17–22 | 9.90 (1040) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.02) | – | 2.50 (1082) | 1.25 (0.70 to 2.23) | 1.31 (0.73 to 2.35) |
| 23–29 | 10.95 (1023) | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.13) | – | 1.78 (1069) | 0.89 (0.48 to 1.67) | 0.96 (0.50 to 1.82) |
| 30–54 | 9.81 (877) | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.02) | – | 0.78 (901) | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.92) | 0.44 (0.18 to 1.07) |
| Education | ||||||
| None | 14.31 (1027) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.04 (1054) | 1.00 | – |
| Class 1–10 | 10.75 (2149) | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.90) | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.15) | 1.48 (2227) | 0.48 (0.30 to 0.79) | – |
| Class 11–12 | 5.25 (305) | 0.35 (0.21 to 0.58) | 0.57 (0.34 to 0.97) | 0.94 (319) | 0.31 (0.90 to 1.00) | – |
| Technical school/college | 6.80 (441) | 0.46 (0.31 to 0.68) | 0.71 (0.47 to 1.07) | 1.11 (451) | 0.36 (0.14 to 0.93) | – |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Other | 10.48 (3656) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.64 (3779) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Transport related | 15.36 (267) | 1.49 (1.08 to 2.06) | 1.27 (0.90 to 1.78) | 4.03 (273) | 2.47 (1.30 to 4.69) | 2.01 (1.04 to 3.89) |
| Caste | ||||||
| Forward caste | 10.03 (1376) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.54 (1426) | 1.00 | – |
| Backward caste | 11.05 (977) | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.42) | 1.15 (0.89 to 1.49) | 2.20 (999) | 1.43 (0.79 to 2.58) | – |
| Scheduled caste | 13.36 (846) | 1.34 (1.05 to 1.72) | 1.57 (1.08 to 2.28) | 1.83 (875) | 1.18 (0.62 to 2.24) | – |
| Scheduled tribe | 9.70 (133) | 0.97 (0.55 to 1.71) | 1.01 (0.56 to 1.80) | 2.19 (137) | 1.43 (0.43 to 4.78) | – |
| Not applicable | 8.81 (590) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.20) | 2.10 (1.10 to 4.01) | 1.63 (615) | 1.05 (0.50 to 2.22) | – |
| Religion† | ||||||
| Hindu | 11.03 (2503) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.82 (2580) | 1.00 | – |
| Muslim | 7.89 (596) | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.96) | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.84) | 1.60 (626) | 0.88 (0.44 to 1.73) | – |
| Christian | 12.30 (821) | 1.12 (0.89 to 1.40) | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.17) | 1.90 (83) | 1.04 (0.59 to 1.83) | – |
| Other | 0 (3) | – | – | 0 (3) | – | – |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never | 3.66 (1065) | 1.00 | – | 0.46 (1085) | 1.00 | – |
| Currently | 13.45 (2802) | 3.87 (2.79 to 5.38) | – | 2.30 (2908) | 5.05 (2.04 to 12.54) | – |
| Previously | 14.29 (56) | 4.13 (1.93 to 8.82) | – | 1.69 (59) | 3.71 (0.43 to 31.8) | – |
| Health behaviours | ||||||
| Circumcision‡ | ||||||
| No | 11.30 (3229) | 1.00 | – | 1.84 (3320) | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 8.72 (654) | 0.76 (0.58 to 1.01) | – | 1.74 (691) | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.76) | – |
| Alcohol history | ||||||
| Never | 8.56 (2092) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.11 (2156) | 1.00 | – |
| Currently | 12.76 (1552) | 1.52 (1.24 to 1.86) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.29) | 2.62 (1603) | 2.37 (1.44 to 3.91) | – |
| Previously | 16.97 (277) | 2.08 (1.51 to 2.86) | 1.35 (0.97 to 1.88) | 2.41 (291) | 2.18 (0.94 to 5.04) | – |
| Sexual behaviour | ||||||
| Lifetime female sex partners | ||||||
| 0 | 3.67 (817) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.24 (833) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 8.82 (1089) | 2.46 (1.63 to 3.71) | 0.96 (0.57 to 1.60) | 0.71 (1122) | 2.97 (0.63 to 14.00) | 1.70 (0.31 to 9.20) |
| >1 | 14.94 (1975) | 4.32 (2.97 to 6.29) | 1.38 (0.83 to 2.31) | 3.07 (2054) | 12.97 (3.17 to 53.02) | 5.97 (1.30 to 27.32) |
| HSV-2/syphilis-positive spouse§ | ||||||
| No | 9.97 (3782) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.69 (4029) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 33.33 (141) | 3.80 (2.82 to 5.12) | 2.59 (1.89 to 3.55) | 21.74 (23) | 14.54 (5.90 to 35.82) | 6.78 (2.52 to 18.21) |
*Seroconversion from negative to positive over study duration.
†For religion ‘other’ category excluded from regressions because of sample size.
‡Circumcision excluded from final model because of collinearity with Muslim religion.
§HSV-2 positive spouse included in HSV-2 model and syphilis-positive spouse included in syphilis model.
HSV-2, herpes simplex virus-2; IRR, incident rate ratio; N, total number of people (positive and negative) in category.