Table 1

Characteristics of studies included for qualitative synthesis

StudyDataWas behaviour primary purpose?Study designGeographic settingStudy population characteristicsAge range and genderPotential biases*
Condom useNo. of partnersSex acts
Gray et al19YYNoRCTRakai, Uganda (R)General population15–49, maleSD, sampling, recall
Kiene et al20YNYesProspective cohortMpigi District, Uganda (R)Outpatients18+, male and femaleSampling, recall
Ruzagira et al21YYNoProspective cohortMasaka, Uganda (R)HIV partners in serodiscordant relationships18–60, male and femaleSD, sampling, recall
Wawer et al22YYNoRCTRakai, Uganda (R)General population15–49, femaleSD, sampling, recall
Ndase et al23NYYesProspective cohortBotswana, Kenya, Rwanda, SA, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia (14 sites)HIV partners in serodiscordant relationships18+, male and femaleSD, sampling
Bechange et al24YNYesProspective cohortTororo and Busia districts, Uganda (R)Non-spousal household members of those commencing ART†18–69, male and femaleSD, sampling, recall, attrition
Mugwanya et al25YNYesRCTKenya: Eldoret, Kisumu, Nairobi and Thika (U)
Uganda: Jinja, Kabwohe, Kampala, Mbale, Tororo (U)		HIV partners in serodiscordant relationships18–65, male and femaleSD, sampling
Ritchie et al26YNYesProspective cohortEntebbe, Uganda (U)HIV partners in serodiscordant and seroconcordant relationships18+, male and femaleSD, sampling, recall
Kalichman et al27YYYesProspective cohortCape Town, SA (U)STI clinic attendeesUnspecified, male and femaleSampling
Ramjee et al28YYNoProspective cohortDurban, SA (U); Hlabisa, SA (R); Lusaka, Zambia (U); Moshi, Tanzania (U+R)Sexually active women, largely from general populationTanzania and Zambia: 16+, female
SA: 18+, female		SD, sampling
Padian et al29YNNoRCTDurban, SA (U); Johannesburg, SA (U); Harare, Zimbabwe (U)Sexually active women from general population18–49, femaleSD, sampling, recall
Van Damme et al30YYNoRCTBondo, Kenya (U); Pretoria, SA (U); Bloemfontein, SA (U); Arusha, Tanzania (U)High risk‡ members from general population18–35, femaleSD, sampling
Djomand et al31YYYesProspective cohortGaborone, Botswana (U)High risk§ heterosexual men and women18–35, male and femaleSD, sampling, recall
Matambo et al32YNYesProspective cohortHarare, Zimbabwe (U)EmployeesUnspecified, mostly maleSD, sampling, recall

  • *Biases refer to biases in our outcomes of interest, not necessarily the primary purpose of the given study.

  • †Non-spousal household member includes any individual aged 18–69 living in the household, except the spouse of the individual receiving ART.

  • ‡High risk defined as “one or more vaginal sex acts in the previous 2 weeks or more than one sex partner in the previous month”.

  • §High risk defined as police officers.

  • ART, antiretroviral therapy; R, rural; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SA, South Africa; SD, social desirability; U, urban.