Estimated ORs and 95% CIs for acquiring HSV-2 within the next 3 months with levels of individual and grouped biomarkers measured at the HSV-2 negative visit preceding seroconversion and compared with the visits contributed by the control women who never acquired HSV-2
| Category | Biomarker | Samples ↑ or ↓*/sample used† | OR‡ (95% CI) | P value |
| Cervical | BD2↑ | 677/1365 | 1.45 (1.09 to 1.93) | 0.012 |
| SLPI↓ | 661/1366 | 1.50 (1.13 to 2.00) | 0.006 | |
| IL-1RA↓ | 669/1366 | 1.18 (0.89 to 1.57) | 0.256 | |
| IL-1β↑ | 697/1366 | 0.83 (0.62 to 1.10) | 0.200 | |
| IL-6↑ | 696/1366 | 0.75 (0.56 to 1.00) | 0.048 | |
| IL-8↑ | 716/1366 | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.03) | 0.082 | |
| MIP-3α↑ | 696/1366 | 0.75 (0.56 to 1.00) | 0.048 | |
| RANTES↑ | 690/1366 | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.43) | 0.628 | |
| ICAM-1↓ | 672/1366 | 1.41 (1.06 to 1.88) | 0.018 | |
| VEGF↓ | 648/1366 | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.43) | 0.630 | |
| IL-1β↑, IL-6↑ | 509/1366 | 0.58 (0.42 to 0.80) | 0.001 | |
| IL-8↑, MIP-3α↑ | 535/1366 | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.92) | 0.012 | |
| ICAM-1↓, VEGF↓ | 366/1366 | 1.47 (1.08 to 2.00) | 0.013 | |
| Serum | sCD14↑ | 192/787 | 1.93 (1.34 to 2.78) | <0.001 |
| CRP↓ | 391/787 | 1.14 (0.82 to 1.59) | 0.439 | |
| IL-6↑ | 391/787 | 1.53 (1.09 to 2.14) | 0.014 | |
| IL-7↑ | 392/787 | 1.17 (0.84 to 1.63) | 0.366 | |
| IL-6↑, IL-7↑ | 231/787 | 1.32 (0.92 to 1.88) | 0.130 | |
| sCD14↑, IL-6↑ | 130/787 | 2.23 (1.49 to 3.35) | <0.001 | |
| sCD14↑, IL-6↑, IL-7↑ | 80/787 | 1.73 (1.05 to 2.86) | 0.033 |
*↑ indicates levels above and ↓ below median of all 1505 HSV-2 negative study visits for all biomarkers except sCD14 where ↑ indicates levels above top quartile.
‡ORs and 95% CIs estimate likelihood of subsequent HSV-2 seroconversion with biomarker levels at the HSV-2 negative visit either below or above median/top quartile.
Bold values indicate significance at p<0.05.
BD2, Beta defensin 2; CD, cluster of differentiation; CI, Confidence interval; CRP, C reactive protein; HSV, herpes simplex virus; ICAM, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule; IL, interleukin; IL-1RA, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; OR, Odds ratio; RANTES, Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted; SLPI, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor .