CONDOMS WORK

As documented by solid epidemiological studies, condoms are effective for HIV prevention.⁴ Consistent condom use by HIV serodiscordant couples results in near zero transmission rates to the seronegative partner. Condom manufacturing and packaging processes have improved to the point that the initial quality of most devices is no longer questioned.⁵ Moreover, population level data from Thailand show the magnitude of health impact that can be achieved with targeted condom programming.^6,7 During 1989–93, when reported condom use increased from 14% to 94% of commercial sex acts, cases of five STIs in men fell 79%.⁶ Reductions in HIV incidence and prevalence in Uganda have resulted from a suite of behavioural changes including partner reduction, delayed onset of intercourse in youth, and increased condom use, all of which have moved in salutary directions.⁸ Similar changes seem to be under way in Zambia.⁹ Some high risk groups in Asian countries, including Cambodian military and policemen and Indian truckers and factory workers, report fewer partners and more condom use during the past 5 years.¹⁰ Although it takes more than distributing condoms to reduce HIV incidence, and the relative contributions of different kinds of behaviour change cannot be assigned precisely, condom promotion has been a critical component of all population level HIV success stories to date.¹¹

CONDOMS ARE COST EFFECTIVE

Condom distribution programmes can operate on a fairly large scale in resource poor environments with affordable programme costs, as attested by the widely reported successes of social marketing of condoms around the world.^12,13 Population Services International (PSI), one of the world’s largest and most successful condom social marketing programmes with over 330 million devices sold in 2001, reports that the cost per condom sold in sub-Saharan Africa is less than US$0.12, including procurement, promotion, distribution, and overheads (John Berman, personal communication of 1997–2001 PSI sales data, 2002). Furthermore, condom programmes targeted at high risk people can be particularly cost effective. On the basis of disability adjusted life years, a combination of condom distribution and STD treatment for sex workers has been shown by mathematical modelling to be two orders of magnitude more cost effective than ART.¹⁴ Distribution of plastic female condoms, more costly than latex male devices, also appears to be a relatively inexpensive intervention.¹⁵ Condom cost effectiveness holds even at the current lower cost of generic ART drugs of about US$1 per person per day.¹⁶

OBSTACLES TO CONDOM USE PERSIST

Unfortunately, the provision of condoms to those most in need is hindered by several continued hurdles. On the supply side, bias against condoms and negative attitudes towards STI clients can be widespread among healthcare providers themselves,^17,18 which serves to limit access during clinical contacts.¹⁹ In a simulated client study of men presenting with urethral discharge in pharmacies in Accra, Ghana, only 6% were counselled to use condoms.²⁰

Secondly, physical access to condoms remains a key impediment in many places. It is estimated that two thirds of the world’s population has ready and easy access to condoms.¹³ But that sort of gross geographic treatment ignores gaps in availability at important delivery points. For example, in western Kenya clients of sex workers indicated they do not have access to condoms in the places where sexual encounters are arranged.²¹ In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, condoms were not available at half of the non-clinical outlets (pharmacies, groceries, bars, truck stops) checked.²² A review of survey data from eight African countries found that non-availability of condoms at the time of sex is one of the main reasons for non-use.²³ Unfortunately, not nearly enough condoms reach that region, hardest hit by HIV.²⁴ The number of condoms procured by leading donors has diminished over the past 5 years, and was no greater in 2000 than it was in 1990.²⁵

Thirdly, these supply-side hindrances are compounded on the demand side by stigma, myth, and rumour surrounding condoms, ultimately resulting in low uptake and inconsistent use in many areas.¹⁸ Researchers repeatedly hear that condoms are ineffective; laden with holes; laced with pathogens; liable to become stuck in women; and cause promiscuity. Overall, too few coital episodes with a risk of STI transmission are protected by condoms.²⁶ The best way to attack these problems is still unclear, given conflicting research results from behavioural interventions²⁷ that are in any event so intensive as to be irrelevant to the problems of developing countries.

CONCLUSIONS

Promoting condoms is undeniably difficult, yet hopes for better access to HIV treatment in the future cannot divert us from the prevention needs of the present. Vast numbers of adolescents and young adults enter the sexual and reproductive arena annually. Condoms are efficacious and, broadly speaking, currently available. We can and must make rapid progress on the fundamental necessity for making condoms readily available when and where people need them. Reaching men with effective condom promotion messages is key in communities where sexual decision making is male dominated. High risk groups must remain a key target in nascent, concentrated, or generalised epidemics, even as we make strides to eliminate barriers to use in the general population. To strike a better balance between prevention and treatment, we urge donors to do more now to learn how best to promote condom use as part of a package of comprehensive primary HIV prevention through behaviour change.