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Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with oncogenic HPV types (or the high-risk HPV types) is responsible for about 90% of anal and cervical cancers; 70% of oropharyngeal, vaginal and vulvar cancers; and more than 60% of penile cancers.1 Vitamin D seems to support the immune system by possible strengthening of innate and adaptive immune responses,2–4 and has been found to be protective against acute respiratory infections2 3 5 and cervicovaginal HPV infection among females.4 Here, we report the associations between vitamin D levels and HPV infection prevalence at oral, genital and anal sites of the high-risk and low-risk HPV types among men and women nationally in the USA. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, conducted by the National …