TY - JOUR T1 - Confirmatory assays are essential when using molecular testing for <em>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</em> in low-prevalence settings: insights from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) JF - Sexually Transmitted Infections JO - Sex Transm Infect SP - 338 LP - 341 DO - 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051850 VL - 91 IS - 5 AU - Nigel Field AU - Soazig Clifton AU - Sarah Alexander AU - Catherine A Ison AU - Gwenda Hughes AU - Simon Beddows AU - Clare Tanton AU - Kate Soldan AU - Filomeno Coelho da Silva AU - Catherine H Mercer AU - Kaye Wellings AU - Anne M Johnson AU - Pam Sonnenberg Y1 - 2015/08/01 UR - http://sti.bmj.com/content/91/5/338.abstract N2 - Objectives To investigate the occurrence of unconfirmed positive gonorrhoea results when using molecular testing within a large population-based survey.Design, setting and participants Between 2010 and 2012, we did a probability sample survey of 15 162 men and women aged 16–74 years in Britain. Urine from participants aged 16–44 years reporting ≥1 lifetime sexual partner was tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis using the Aptima Combo 2 (AC2) assay, with positive or equivocal results confirmed with molecular assays using different nucleic acid targets.Results A total of 4550 participants aged 16–44 years had urine test results (1885 men; 2665 women). For gonorrhoea, 18 samples initially tested positive and eight were equivocal. Only five out of 26 confirmed, giving a positive predictive value (PPV) for the initial testing of 19% (95% CI 4% to 34%). Most (86% (18/21)) participants with unconfirmed positive results for gonorrhoea reported zero or one sexual partner without condoms in the past year and none had chlamydia co-infection, whereas all five with confirmed gonorrhoea reported at least two recent sexual partners without condoms, and four had chlamydia co-infection. The weighted prevalence for gonorrhoea positivity fell from 0.4% (0.3% to 0.7%) after initial screening to &lt;0.1% (0.0% to 0.1%) after confirmatory testing. By comparison, 103 samples tested positive or equivocal for chlamydia and 98 were confirmed (PPV=95% (91% to 99%)).Conclusions We highlight the low PPV for gonorrhoea of an unconfirmed reactive test when deploying molecular testing in a low-prevalence population. Failure to undertake confirmatory testing in low-prevalence settings may lead to inappropriate diagnoses, unnecessary treatment and overestimation of population prevalence. ER -