PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Joanna Peters
AU  - Fiona Cresswell
AU  - Lauren Amor
AU  - Kevin Cole
AU  - Gillian Dean
AU  - Xavier Didelot
AU  - Dilrini De Silva
AU  - David W Eyre
AU  - John Paul
TI  - Whole genome sequencing of <em>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</em> reveals transmission clusters involving patients of mixed HIV serostatus
AID  - 10.1136/sextrans-2017-053198
DP  - 2017 Oct 11
TA  - Sexually Transmitted Infections
PG  - sextrans-2017-053198
4099  - http://sti.bmj.com/content/early/2017/10/11/sextrans-2017-053198.short
4100  - http://sti.bmj.com/content/early/2017/10/11/sextrans-2017-053198.full
AB  - Objectives Prevention and control of gonorrhoea depends on understanding the nature of sexual networks and risk factors for infection. We aimed to use high-resolution typing (whole genome sequencing (WGS)) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates plus patient questionnaire data to gain insights into transmission patterns in a high prevalence setting.Methods During a 9-month period (July 2014–March 2015), patients diagnosed with gonorrhoea attending sexual health service in Brighton, UK, were invited to provide anonymised detailed information by questionnaire about risk factors for infection. Questionnaire data plus WGS data from cultured isolates were analysed to yield information about sexual networks and risk factors for infection.Results 104/149 individuals who consented to participate in the study were culture positive. 97/104 (93%) were male. 80 self-reported to be men who have sex with men (MSM). 35/104 (34%) of patients were HIV positive. 51/104 (49%) individuals reported using geosocial networking applications to facilitate contact. Sex under the influence of drugs was reported by 16/34 (46%) of HIV-positive MSM, 17/41 (41%) of HIV-negative MSM and 5/15 (31%) of heterosexuals. WGS data were available for 100 isolates from 83 patients. 55 isolates (66%) belonged to genetically related subtypes involving one or more patients, who could be plausibly linked through recent direct or indirect transmission. Four transmission clusters containing 3–12 individuals were composed of MSM of mixed HIV serostatus.Conclusions We show that data obtained from WGS of N. gonorrhoeae and enhanced epidemiological data obtained from patient questionnaires are mutually supportive and reveal insights into sexual networks. Our findings suggest that serosorting may have declined as a practice and indicate the importance of designing public health interventions that target infection risks associated with recreational drug use and contact made using geosocial networking applications.