Table 2

Details of all studies including the allocated Drummond score

	Author/date	Type of study	Test	Outcome	Case of PID prevented	Sensitivity analysis	Score on Drummond criteria (max 20)
*Chlamydia trachomatis
1	Howell et al²⁴ (1999)	Model using real data from records and previous cohort studies Military oriented	LCR urine	Age based testing or universal treatment in high prevalence groups	233 cases of PID prevented saving of $800/PID	Yes, varied prevalence, cost, uptake and sensitivity	16
		High prevalence (9.2%)

2	Howell et al²³ (1998)	Model 7 strategies to decide on test Extensive sequelae included		DNA amplification in urine or cervical swab in asymptomatic women less than 30 years.	306 cases of PID prevented saving $3689/PID	Yes varied prevalence, cost, uptake and sensitivity	17
		High prevalence (9.2%)

3	Howell et al²² (1998)	Model	Urine based NAA	Age based screening at less than 10.2% prevalence. Universal screening over 10.2% prevalence. Both in FPC.	85 cases of PID prevented saving $3585/PID	Yes, varied prevalence, cost, uptake and sensitivity	17
		Cost effectiveness

4	Paavonen et al²¹ (1998)	Model	NAA on urine	Cost effective in low prevalence (3.9%) population using DNA based test assuming 90% return rate	50% of sequelae prevented cost $45 per case of Ct*	Yes, extensive	15
		Cost effectiveness

5	Marazzo et al¹⁹ (1997)	Cross sectional study to provide data	EIA in several settings	Selective screening in GUM. Universal screening in FPC.	44 674 cases of Ct* prevented a saving of $987 per case	Yes	18
				Both with EIA.	47 025 cases prevented a saving of $667

6	Genc and Mardh¹⁸ (1996)	Model	NAA	Cost effective in asymptomatic women in FPC with DNA based test at 6% prevalence, positives treated with azithromycin.	NA	None was performed	12
		Cost effectiveness Using local data.
		Dubious assumptions eg 100% cures

7	Sellors et al¹⁷ (1992)	Model	EIA	Selective screening using set criteria in low prevalence populations. Effective using EIA.	NA	Yes	17
		Cost effectiveness
		Data collected from longitudinal study and selective criteria developed

8	Buhaug et al¹⁵ (1990)	Model	Culture	Cost effective in GP in women <24 every 2 years	$1477 per case of PID prevented	No	11
		Cost minimisation

Excluded	Cohen et al²⁰	Prospective	NAA	School based screening was cost effective			3
		Cost minimisation

Excluded	Humphreys et al¹⁶			Universal screening in FPC			5