Demographic characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Male | Female | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, median, range) | 31 (16–70) | 27 (16–68) | <0.0005 |
| Nationality (%) | |||
| Congo/Zaire | 26.5 (105/396) | 20.2 (71/352) | |
| Kenya | 15.4 (61/396) | 17.1 (60/352) | |
| Uganda | 17.7 (70/396) | 17.6 (62/352) | |
| UK | 1.3 (5/396) | 1.4 (5/352) | 0.12 |
| Zambia | 15.4 (61/396) | 12.8 (45/352) | |
| Zimbabwe | 17.4 (69/396) | 25.3 (89/352) | |
| Other | 6.3 (25/396) | 5.7 (20/352) | |
| Country of birth (%) | |||
| Africa | 94.9 (332/350) | 92.9 (289/311) | |
| UK | 3.7 (13/350) | 4.8 (15/311) | 0.56 |
| Other | 1.4 (5/350) | 2.3 (7/311) | |
| Region of residence between 10–16 years of age (%) | |||
| Africa | 85.5 (337/394) | 81.2 (285/351) | 0.28 |
| Outside Africa | 14.2 (56/394) | 18.5 (65/351) | |
| Both | 0.3 (1/394) | 0.3 (1/351) | |
| Median (range) length of residency in the UK, years | 6 (1–63) | 6 (1–67) | 0.27 |
| Employment status (%) | |||
| Employed | 50.3 (196/390) | 40.8 (142/348) | <0.0005 |
| In education, not employed | 26.7 (104/390) | 33.1 (115/348) | |
| Caring for home/family, not employed or in education | 3.6 (14/390) | 9.8 (34/348) | |
| Unemployed/other | 19.5 (76/390) | 16.4 (57/348) | |
| Highest level of formal education received (%) | |||
| None | 0.8 (3/392) | 0.9 (3/353) | 0.001 |
| Primary | 3.1 (12/392) | 5.1 (18/353) | |
| Secondary | 20.9 (82/392) | 33.1 (117/353) | |
| University/college | 54.6 (214/392) | 47.9 (169/353) | |
| Professional training | 19.6 (77/392) | 12.8 (45/353) | |
| Other | 1.0 (4/392) | 0.3 (1/353) | |
| Marital status (%) | |||
| Married | 40.1 (157/392) | 27.8 (98/352) | 0.003 |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 4.9 (19/392) | 7.7 (27/352) | |
| Cohabiting | 14.5 (57/392) | 17.6 (62/352) | |
| Partner but not cohabiting | 10.0 (39/392) | 15.3 (54/352) | |
| Single | 30.6 (120/392) | 31.5 (111/352) | |