Characteristics and risk factors for chlamydial infection among men and women opportunistically screened outside GUM clinics, National Chlamydia Screening Programme in England, 1 April 2003–31 March 2004
| Total tests No (col %) | Screening tests among women | Screening tests among men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No No (%) CT+ | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR** (95% CI) | No No (%) CT+ | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR†† (95% CI) | ||||
| CT+, Chlamydia trachomatis positive; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SDA, strand displacement assay; TMA, transcription mediated assay; LCR, ligase chain reaction; NA, not applicable. | |||||||||
| *Statistically significant at p <0.05 level. | |||||||||
| †Statistically significant at p <0.001 level. | |||||||||
| **Female model includes females under 25 years of age, ethnicity, behavioural risks, specimen type, and laboratory test. | |||||||||
| ††Male model includes 16–24 year old men only, ethnicity, behavioural risks, and laboratory test. | |||||||||
| ‡Only people responding to the question are included in totals. | |||||||||
| §Includes gynaecology, infertility, colposcopy, and antenatal services. | |||||||||
| ¶Includes chlamydia screening office, outreach activities, and unknown clinic types. | |||||||||
| Total | 16 413 | 15 241 | 1538 (10.1%) | model n = 10 041 | 1172 | 156 (13.3%) | model n = 792 | ||
| Age | |||||||||
| Under 16 years | 1349 (8.2) | 1284 | 96 (7.5%) | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) | referent | 65 | 1 (1.5%) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.46)* | not in model |
| 16–19 years | 7201 (43.9) | 6544 | 792 (12.1%) | 1.43 (1.28 to 1.60)† | 1.85 (1.41 to 2.42)† | 657 | 66 (10.0%) | 0.45 (0.32 to 0.64)† | referent |
| 20–24 years | 7863 (47.9) | 7413 | 650 (8.8%) | referent | 1.38 (1.04 to 1.82)* | 450 | 89 (19.8%) | referent | 2.51 (1.64 to 3.86)† |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 11 138 (67.9) | 10 286 | 973 (9.5%) | referent | referent | 852 | 94 (11.0%) | referent | referent |
| Black Caribbean | 413 (2.5) | 365 | 66 (18.1%) | 2.11 (1.61 to 2.78)† | 2.04 (1.50 to 2.76)† | 48 | 14 (29.2%) | 3.32 (1.72 to 6.41)† | 2.76 (1.29 to 5.93)* |
| Black African | 408 (2.5) | 373 | 37 (9.9%) | 1.05 (0.75 to 1.49) | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.60) | 35 | 7 (20.0%) | 2.02 (0.86 to 4.74) | 1.45 (0.54 to 3.91) |
| Black British/other | 380 (2.3) | 316 | 48 (15.2%) | 1.71 (1.25 to 2.35)† | 1.77 (1.28 to 2.46)† | 64 | 13 (20.3%) | 2.06 (1.08 to 3.92)* | 1.45 (0.69 to 3.04) |
| Asian subcontinent | 262 (1.6) | 253 | 15 (5.9%) | 0.60 (0.36 to 1.02) | 0.84 (0.49 to 1.43) | 9 | 1 (11.1%) | 1.01 (0.13 to 8.15) | 0 |
| Chinese/other Asian | 201 (1.2) | 193 | 13 (6.7%) | 0.69 (0.39 to 1.22) | 0.81 (0.42 to 1.55) | 8 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 | 0 |
| Other ethnic group | 210 (1.3) | 202 | 13 (6.4%) | 0.66 (0.37 to 1.16) | 1.12 (0.61 to 2.05) | 8 | 1 (12.5%) | 1.15 (0.14 to 9.47) | 0 |
| Mixed | 517 (3.1) | 491 | 73 (14.9%) | 1.67 (1.29 to 2.16)† | 1.59 (1.20 to 2.09)† | 26 | 8 (30.8%) | 3.58 (1.52 to 8.47)* | 2.72 (1.01 to 7.31)* |
| Unknown | 2884 (17.6) | 2762 | 300 (10.9%) | 1.17 (1.02 to 1.34)* | 1.25 (0.88 to 1.78) | 122 | 18 (14.8%) | 1.40 (0.81 to 2.41) | 0.85 (0.24 to 3.04) |
| Risk behaviours‡ | |||||||||
| New sex partner | |||||||||
| Yes | 5077 (45.0) | 4583 | 586 (12.8%) | 1.69 (1.48 to 1.92)† | 1.32 (1.14 to 1.53)† | 494 | 74 (15.0%) | 1.43 (0.95 to 2.14) | 1.14 (0.71 to 1.84) |
| No | 6207 (55.0) | 5825 | 466 (8.0%) | referent | referent | 382 | 42 (11.0%) | referent | referent |
| 2 or more sex partners | |||||||||
| Yes | 5061 (45.8) | 4547 | 589 (13.0%) | 1.78 (1.56 to 2.03)† | 1.57 (1.35 to 1.82)† | 514 | 76 (14.8%) | 1.47 (0.96 to 2.24) | 1.23 (0.76 to 1.99) |
| No | 5994 (54.2) | 5654 | 436 (7.7%) | referent | referent | 340 | 36 (10.6%) | referent | referent |
| Specimen type | |||||||||
| Urine | 9799 (59.7) | 8627 | 899 (10.4%) | referent | referent | 1172 | 156 (13.3%) | NA | NA |
| Cervical swab | 2101 (12.8) | 2101 | 217 (10.3%) | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.16) | 1.22 (1.00 to 1.48) | ||||
| Vulvo-vaginal swab | 4513 (27.5) | 4513 | 422 (9.4%) | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00) | 1.16 (0.98 to 1.37) | ||||
| Laboratory test | |||||||||
| PCR | 7041 (42.9) | 6384 | 542 (8.5%) | referent | referent | 657 | 63 (9.6%) | referent | referent |
| SDA | 7629 (46.5) | 7169 | 828 (11.5%) | 1.41 (1.26 to 1.58)† | 1.49 (1.28 to 1.75)† | 460 | 86 (18.7%) | 2.17 (1.53 to 3.08)† | 2.11 (1.33 to 3.35)† |
| TMA | 813 (5.0) | 783 | 70 (8.9%) | 1.06 (0.82 to 1.37) | not in model | 30 | 5 (16.7%) | 1.89 (0.70 to 5.10) | not in model |
| LCR | 930 (5.7) | 905 | 98 (10.8%) | 1.31 (1.04 to 1.64)* | not in model | 25 | 2 (8.0%) | 0.82 (0.19 to 3.56) | not in model |
| Quarter | |||||||||
| Apr–Jun 2003 | 1032 (6.3) | 1015 | 115 (11.3%) | referent | not in model | 17 | 1 (5.9%) | referent | not in model |
| Jul–Sep 2003 | 2408 (14.7) | 2316 | 250 (10.8%) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.20) | 92 | 21 (22.8%) | 4.73 (0.59 to 37.81) | ||
| Oct–Dec 2003 | 5301 (32.3) | 5013 | 492 (9.8%) | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.06) | 288 | 38 (13.2%) | 2.43 (0.31 to 18.87) | ||
| Jan–Mar 2004 | 7672 (46.7) | 6897 | 681 (9.9%) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.06) | 775 | 96 (12.4%) | 2.26 (0.30 to 17.25) | ||
| Clinic type (no of venues) | |||||||||
| Contraceptive clinics (96) | 10 316 (62.9) | 9787 | 1068 (10.9%) | referent | not in model | 529 | 106 (20.0%) | referent | not in model |
| General practices (131) | 1697 (10.3) | 1615 | 161 (10.0%) | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | 82 | 9 (11.0%) | 0.49 (0.24 to 1.02) | ||
| Women’s clinics§ (21) | 218 (1.3) | 218 | 17 (7.8%) | 0.69 (0.42 to 1.14) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Termination of pregnancy (5) | 378 (2.3) | 376 | 39 (10.4%) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.32) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| College, university, school (15) | 801 (4.9) | 500 | 25 (5.0%) | 0.43 (0.29 to 0.65)† | 301 | 14 (4.7%) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.35)† | ||
| Military facilities (4) | 84 (0.5) | 28 | 4 (14.3%) | 1.36 (0.47 to 3.93) | 56 | 9 (16.1%) | 0.76 (0.36 to 1.61) | ||
| Young people’s (16) | 1987 (12.1) | 1830 | 150 (8.2%) | 0.73 (0.61 to 0.87)† | 157 | 12 (7.6%) | 0.33 (0.18 to 0.62)† | ||
| Other¶ (14) | 934 (5.7) | 887 | 74 (8.3%) | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.95)* | 47 | 6 (12.8%) | 0.58 (0.24 to 1.41) | ||