Buve53 | Cross sectional | Kisumu, Kenya 1997 | General | RPR TPHA | 580 | 3% | 27%‡ | Clinical examination | 0
>(0 to 1.21) | – | |
Buve53 | Cross sectional | Ndola, Zambia 1997 | General | TPPA | 593 | 17% | 9%‡ | Clinical examination | 0.63 (0.25–1.63) | 0.54
>(0.21 to 1.41) | Age, marital status and number of lifetime partners |
Bwayo52 | Cross sectional | 25 k from Nairobi 1989–92 | Truck drivers | TPHA | 570 | 25% | 80% | Not stated | 0.69
>(0.51 to 0.94) | – | |
Cook54 | Cross sectional | King County, US 1988 | STD clinic attenders | RPR TPHA | 985 | 3% | 79%‡ | Clinical examination | 0.16
>(0.08 to 0.31) | 0.25
>(0.12 to 0.53) | Age, race, number of sexual partners in last month, place of residence, other STI |
Diseker55 | Cohort | US cities 1993–6 | STD clinic attenders | RPR TPHA | 865 | 3% | 74% | Clinical examination | 0.53
>(0.15 to 1.85) | 0.52
>(0.16 to 1.74) | Age, race/ethnicity and study location |
Gray25 | Cross sectional | Rakai, Uganda 1994–8 | General | TRUST TPHA | 5072 | 10% | 12%‡ | Self report | 1.00
>(0.76 to 1.32) | 1.01
>(0.76 to 1.35) | Age, marital status, condom use and number of sexual partners |
Lavreys43 | Cross sectional | Mombasa, Kenya 1993–7 | Truck drivers | TPHA | 746 | 8% | 87%‡ | Clinical examination | 0.64
>(0.34 to 1.18) | to | |
Newell57 | Cross sectional | Mwanza, Tanzania 1990–1 | General | RPR TPHA | 1996 | 8% | 32% | Self report | 0.74
>(0.52 to 1.05) | 0.6
>(0.4 to 0.9) | Age, residence, marital status, no. sex partners in past 5 years, travel to Mwanza town in past 2 years |
Parker51 | Cross sectional | Perth, Australia 1981 | STD clinic attenders | TPHA | 1319 | 2% | 55% | Clinical examination | 0.20
>(0.06 to 0.74) | 0.19
>(0.05 to 0.73) | Age only |
Reynolds26 | Cohort | Pune, India 1993–2000 | STD clinic attenders | RPR TPHA | 2298 | 7% | 8%‡ | Clinical examination | 0.74
>(0.38 to 1.46) | 0.63
>(0.31 to 1.28) | Religion, education, living with family, year, age, marital status, number of sex partners, contact with sex workers, condom use, tattoos, medical injections |
Tabet56 | Cross sectional | Lima, Peru 1996 | Men who have sex with men | VDRL TPHA | 440 | 16% | 8%‡ | Not stated | 0.46
>(0.14 to 1.53) | 0.78
>(0.22 to 2.77) | Education level, HIV serostatus, sexual identity, history of rectal discharge |
Todd50 | Nested case-control | Mwanza, Tanzania 1991–6 | General | TPHA | 482 | 14%§ | 25% | Self report | 0.54
>(0.34 to 0.86) | 0.70
>(0.37 to 1.32) | Age, community, education, occupation, living away from community in past 2 years, perceived STD risk |
Urassa49 | 2 cross sectional; 1 case-control | Mwanza, Tanzania 1990–5 | General and factory workers | TPHA | 4984 | 18% | 18–47% | Clinical examination & self report | 0.87
>(0.76 to 1.00) | 0.95
>(0.79 to 1.15) | Age, area of residence, education, ethnicity, occupation, religion |
Vaz58 | Cross sectional | Maputo, Mozambique 1990–1 | Prisoners | RPR FTA | 1284 | 8% | 36% | Self report | 0.68
>(0.45 to 1.03) | 0.71
>(0.45 to 1.11) | History of genital ulcer, captivity by RENAMO during the civil war |