Authors | Year | Study population | No | Design | Outcome | Key finding >Odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*Includes observational studies that presented risk estimates adjusted for potential confounding factors. Five additional studies examined effects of physical barrier method use on chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis; though, because they defined a combined barrier method measure for analysis (for example, male condom, diaphragm and nonoxynol-9 containing spermicides) these investigations, as published, are not informative in assessing the effectiveness of particular methods (Park et al,74 Quinn and O’Reilly,75 McCormick et al,76 Berger et al,77 Keith et al78). | ||||||
†0/77 diaphragm users infected compared to 20% of non-users of contraception. | ||||||
‡Chlamydia assessed in only 35 of 227 diaphragm users. | ||||||
§Odds ratio for use of diaphragm ever. Estimate for current use not significant: OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.9. | ||||||
Magder et al23 | 1988 | STD clinic | 1031 | Cross sectional | Chlamydia | 0† |
Rosenberg et al25 | 1992 | STD clinic | 4162 | Cross sectional | Chlamydia‡ | 0.25 (0.05 to 1.36) |
Gonorrhoea | 0.32 (0.16 to 0.65) | |||||
Austin et al24 | 1984 | STD clinic | 1781 | Case-control | Gonorrhoea | 0.45 (0.15 to 0.3) |
Bradbeer et al26 | 1987 | Sex workers | 100 | Cross sectional | Gonorrhoea | 0.36 (p<0.05) |
Kelaghan et al27 | 1982 | Hospital | 1481 | Case-control | PID | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) |
Wolner-Hanssen et al28 | 1990 | Health clinics | 880 | Case-control | PID | 0.3 (p = 0.005) |
Cramer et al29 | 1987 | Hospital | 4116 | Case-control | Tubal infertility | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) |
Becker et al30 | 1994 | Women’s health clinics | 538 | Case-control | Cervical neoplasia | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.6)§ |
Hildesheim et al31 | 1990 | Hospital with community controls | 1267 | Case-control | Cervical cancer | <5 years’ use: OR = 0.9 (0.6, 1.3); 5+ years’ use: OR = 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) |
Wright et al32 | 1978 | Family planning clinics | 17 032 | Prospective cohort | Cervical neoplasia | 0.12 p<0.01 |
191 | Case-control | 0.23 p<0.05 |