Africa
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Gaborone, Botswana7 | 1993 | 108 M, F | 1 (1) | 27 (25) | 25 (23) | 2 (2) | 5 (5) | 58 (54) | NR | 56 (52) | 40 (37) | TP dark field; HD, CT and HSV culture; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA; CT antibodies MIF; HIV ELISA |
Gaborone, Francistown and Selebi Phikwe, Botswana7 | 2002 | 137 M, F | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 80 (58) | NR | 0 (0) | 54 (39) | NR | 7 (5) | 72 (74) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA; HIV ELISA |
Nairobi, Kenya8 | 1985 | 89 F | 11 (12) | 43 (48) | 2 (2) | NR | 3 (3) | 31 (35) | NR | 24 (27) | NR | TP dark field; HD and HSV culture; syphilis serology RPR+MHA-TP |
Nairobi, Kenya9 | 1985 | 115 M | 3 (3) | 81 (70) | 10 (9) | NR | NR | 21 (18) | 37 (32) | 17 (15) | 19 (17) | TP dark field; HD and HSV culture; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; HSV2 serology western blot; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Nairobi, Kenya10 | 1990–1 | 168 M, F | NR | 56 (33) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 24 (14) | NR | HD culture; syphilis serology RPR+TPPA |
Nairobi, Kenya11 | 1995–7 | 245 M, F | 89 (36) | 111 (45) | 49 (20) | NR | 39 (16) | 36 (15) | NR | 69 (28) | 88 (36) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA; HIV EIA |
Maseru, Lesotho12 | 1993–4 | 105 M, F | 23 (23) | 56 (56) | 26 (26) | 7 (7) | 17 (17) | 6 (6) | 54 (54) | 25 (25) | 37 (36) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; CT antibodies MIF; HIV ELISA+western blot; HSV2 serology western blot |
Blantyre, Malawi13 | 1993 | 778 M | 136 (20) | 204 (26) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 129 (17) | 445 (57) | TP direct IF; HD culture; syphilis serology RPR+MHA-TP; HIV ELISA |
Lilongwe, Malawi14 | 1998–9 | 137 M, F | 5 (4) | 41 (30) | 47 (34) | NR | 2 (1) | 46 (34) | 107 (80) | 12 (9) | NR | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+TPPA; HSV2 serology focus |
Antananarivo, Madagascar15 | 1997 | 196 M, F | 56 (29) | 64 (33) | 19 (10) | NR | 6 (3.1) | 62 (32) | NR | 59 (33) | NR | P, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA; CT antibodies MIF |
Kigali, Rwanda16 | 1986 | 210 M, F | 63 (30) | 36 (34) | 37 (18) | 29 (14) | 29 (14) | 75 (36) | NR | 81 (39) | 124 (59) | HD, LGV and HSV culture; primary syphilis defined as RPR>1:2 and TPHA or FTA-abs positive; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA or FTA-abs; HIV ELISA |
Kigali, Rwanda17 | 1990–2 | 395 M, F | 110 (28) | 115 (29) | 89 (23) | NR | 46 (12) | 127 (32) | NR | NR | 289 (73) | HD, LGV and HSV culture; primary syphilis defined as RPR>1:2 and TPHA or FTA-abs positive; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA or FTA-abs; HIV ELISA |
Dakar, Senegal18 | 1992 | 39 M, F | 6 (15) | 22 (56) | 5 (13) | NR | 4 (10) | 10 (26) | NR | NR | NR | TP, HD, HSV PCR |
Carletonville, South Africa19* | NR, 1990 publication date | 240 M | 25 (10) | 147 (61) | 7 (3) | 15 (6) | 14 (6) | 29 (12) | NR | 52 (47) | NR | TP dark field; HD, CT and HSV culture; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; CT antibodies MIF; donovanosis Giemsa stain |
Carletonville, South Africa20 | 1993–4 | 232 M | 24 (10) | 161 (69) | 40 (17) | NR | 17 (7) | 25 (11) | NR | 110 (48) | 126 (54) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; HIV ELISA |
Carletonville, South Africa20 | 1998 | 186 M | 23 (12) | 94 (51) | 67 (36) | NR | 31 (17) | 39 (21) | NR | 74 (40) | 108 (59) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; HIV ELISA |
Cape Town, South Africa21 | 1993–4 | 180 M | 59 (33) | 31 (17) | 43 (24) | NR | 6 (3) | 54 (30) | 86 (49) | 61 (47) | 24 (13) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; HSV2 serology western blot; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Johannesburg, South Africa21 | 1993–4 | 159 M | 19 (10) | 34 (21) | 78 (49) | NR | 6 (4) | 34 (21) | 78 (50) | 58 (46) | 76 (48) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; HSV2 serology western blot; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Durban, South Africa22 | 1984 | 100 M | 23 (23) | 40 (40) | 9 (9) | NR | 11 (11) | 41 (41) | 97 (97) | 35 (35) | NR | TP dark field; culture HD and HSV; HSV2 serology ELISA; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs |
Durban, South Africa23* | 1988–9 | 100 M | 42 (42) | 34 (34) | 10 (10) | 6 (6) | 14 (14) | 24 (24) | NR | 44 (44) | 5 (5) | TP dark field; culture HD and HSV; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA; CT antibodies MIF; HIV ELISA; donovanosis Giemsa stain |
Durban, South Africa24* | 1988–9 | 100 F | 40 (40) | 14 (14) | 18 (18) | 6 (6) | 13 (13) | 20 (20) | NR | 49 (49) | 3 (3) | TP dark field; culture HD and HSV; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA; CT antibodies MIF; HIV ELISA; donovanosis Giemsa stain |
Durban, South Africa21 | 1993–4 | 199 M | 29 (15) | 106 (53) | 72 (36) | NR | 33 (17) | 29 (15) | 81 (49) | 39 (23) | 115 (58) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+FTA-abs; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Durban, South Africa25* | 2000–1 | 587 M, F | 85 (14) | 57 (10) | 284 (48) | 63 (11) | 63 (11) | 156 (27) | NR | NR | 441 (75) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; LGV PCR; primary syphilis PCR+ or FTA-abs+EIA or FTA-abs+RPR; HIV Determine+Capillus |
Dar es Salaam and Mbeya, Tanzania26 | 1999 | 102 M, F | 1 (1) | 21 (21) | 59 (58) | NR | 9 (9) | 39 (38) | NR | 15 (15) | 50 (48) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR, syphilis serology RPR+TPPA, HIV Determine+ELISA |
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania27 | NR | 69 M, F | NR | NR | 45 (64) | NR | NR | n | 55 (80) | NR | 29 (42) | TP, HD and HSV MPCR; HSV2 serology ELISA; HIV ELISA |
Fajara, The Gambia28 | 1980 | 104 M, F | 5 (5) | 54 (52) | 4 (4) | 7 (7) | NR | 28 (27) | NR | 22 (21) | NR | TP dark field TP; HD, CT and HSV culture; syphilis VDRL+TPHA; CT serology MIF |
Kampala, Uganda29 | 1990–1 | 98 M, F | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 35 (36) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 61 (61) | NR | 11 (12) | 58 (65) | TP dark field; HSV immunofluorescence; HIV EIA; syphilis RPR+MHA-TP; CT serology MIF |
Rakai, Uganda30 | 1994–8 | 207 M, F | 8 (4) | 6 (3) | 89 (43) | NR | NR | 103 (51) | NR | NR | 0 | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; syphilis serology TRUST+TPHA; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Asia
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Pune, India31 | 1994 | 302 M, F | 29 (10) | 69 (23) | 79 (26) | NR | 21 (7) | 104 (34) | NR | NR | 67 (22) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; syphilis serology VDRL+FTA-abs; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia32 | 1989–90 | 249 M, F | 18 (7) | 22 (9) | 48 (19) | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 153 (62) | NR | 41 (17) | NR | TP dark field TP; HD, CT and HSV culture; syphilis serology RPR+TPHA |
Chiang Mai, Thailand33 | 1995–6 | 38 M, F | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 32 (84) | NR | 1 | 6 (16) | NR | NR | 11 (46) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; HIV test NR |
Latin America
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Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic34 | 1995–6 | 81 M | 4 (5) | 21 (26) | 35 (43) | NR | 0 | 21 (26) | NR | 6 (7) | 11 (14) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; syphilis serology VDRL+FTA-abs; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Kingston, Jamaica35 | 1996 | 304 M, F | 31 (10) | 72 (24) | 158 (52) | NR | 22 (7) | 67 (22) | NR | 64 (21) | 67 (22) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; syphilis serology TRUST+MHA-TP; HIV ELISA+western blot |
Lima, Peru34 | 1994–5 | 63 M | 6 (10) | 3 (5) | 27 (43) | NR | 3 (5) | 30 (48) | NR | 5 (8) | 2 (3) | TP, HD, HSV MPCR; syphilis serology RPR+MHA-TP; HIV ELISA+western blot |