Table 1

Cohort studies that examined rates of all-cause and AIDS mortality among drug users

Reference	Year	Site	n	Population studied	Follow up years	Lost	Person-years	Drug	AIDS deaths	AIDS CMR*	Total deaths	Overall CMR*
CMR, crude mortality rate per 100 person years; NR, these studies did not report on AIDS deaths in their cohort.
–, No data.
32	1968	United Kingdom	1272	Heroin addicts known to Home Office	1.8	−	2291	Heroin	NR	NR	85	2.7
30	1968	London, UK	100	Hospitalised male heroin addicts	2.25	–	225	Heroin	NR	NR	13	5.7
42	1973	New York, USA	100	Treatment, male	20	17	1660	Narcotics	NR	NR	23	1.15
101	1979	New York, USA	1156	Treatment (84% methadone)	7	102	8092	Heroin	NR	NR	45	0.56
102	1981	New Haven, USA	91	Treatment	52	–	4732	Morphine	0	0	40	0.84
103	1981	London, UK	128	Treatment (Rx heroin)	10	–	1280	Heroin	NR	NR	19	1.48
39	1982	34 treatment agencies in USA	3324	Treatment	4	–	11 710	Opioids	NR	NR	179	1.52
104	1984	Gothenburg, Sweden	618	Drug using conscripts, rehab & psych patients, drug using welfare recipients	10	–	5789	Cannabis, solvents, LSD, stimulants (opioids rare)	0	0	26	0.45
37	1984	Copenhagen, Denmark	300	Treatment	7	19	1967	Morphine	NR	NR	47	2.40
105	1986	Edinburgh, UK	184	Heroin users attending a general practice	4	4	720	Heroin	0	0	7	0.972
106	1987	18 treatment agencies in USA	697	Treatment	6	142	3330	Opioids	NR	NR	52	1.56
107	1988	Copenhagen, Denmark	300	First time entrants to treatment	11	30	2970	Opioids	NR	NR	78	2.63
108	1988	Lund, Sweden	524	Treatment: opioid, amphetamine, and both opioid and amphetamine	10	0	5240	Opioids, amphetamines	0	0	62	1.18
109	1990	Copenhagen, Denmark	169	Methadone	8	–	1352	Opioids	NR	NR	39	2.88
76	1990	Sweden	368	Methadone and untreated	5–11	–	3283	Heroin	0	0	96	2.92
34	1991	Stockholm, Sweden	1630	Drug related hospitalisation	12		19 560	41% stimulants; 12% heroin; 16% polydrug; 31% other	NR	NR	446	2.3
74	1992	Amsterdam, Netherlands	390	Methadone	2.2	–	810	Opioids	3	0.37	29	3.58
110	1992	Wellington, New Zealand	997	Treatment	9.1	–	9073	Injecting opioid users	0	0	67	0.74
52	1993	Ireland	45	Pregnant on methadone	6	–	270	Opioids	NR	NR	7	2.59
38	1993	California, USA	581	Males in compulsory treatment	24	35	13 064	Narcotics	0	0	161	1.23
53	1993	Oslo, Norway	1009	HIV test centre clients	3.67	–	3706	IDU	4	0.11	87	2.35
54	1994	London, UK	128	Treatment	22	7	2816	Heroin	0	0	41	1.53
55	1994	Edinburgh, UK	203	GP	10	17	2030	IDU	16	0.79	40	1.97
56	1994	Rome, Italy	2431	Treatment	3.2	–	7872	IDU	89	1.13	181	2.30
57	1994	Milan, Italy	2432	Treatment	6.7	–	16 415	Methadone	144	0.88	413	2.52
59	1995	Italy	4962	Treatment	3.88	–	21 130		150	0.71	332	1.57
58	1995	Portland, USA	1769	Not in treatment	1.78	–	3149	IDU	0	0	33	1.05
60	1995	Albuquerque, USA	1013	Treatment	22	243	22 286 (16 940 excl lost)	Methadone	NR	NR	348	1.56 (2.05)
61	1995	Stockholm, Sweden	472	HIV+	3.8	–	1793		7	0.39	69	3.85
62	1996	New York, USA	858	Drug and alcohol dependents on welfare	8	–	6864	Drugs and alcohol	84	1.23	183	2.67
63	1996	Amsterdam, Netherlands	632	HIV: methadone and STD clinic patients	4.4	18	2781		12	0.43	72	2.59
64	1996	Catalonia, Spain	15 711	Hospital ER and treatment	2.8	–	43 717	Opioids	472	1.08	1315	3.01
65	1996	Sydney, Australia	296	Methadone	13	39	3484	Heroin	0	0	42	1.21
66	1997	Stockholm, Sweden	1494	Hospitalised for drug dependence	22	–	32 868	57% stimulants; 39% opioids			521	1.59
67	1997	Stockholm, Sweden	1640	Drug related hospitalisation	8	0	13 120	14% heroin; 35% amphetamine; 23% polydrug	18	0.14	214	1.63
43	1997	Rome, Italy	3955	Treatment	4	198	15 820	IDU	168	1.06	387	2.45
44	1998	United Kingdom	92 802	“Drug addicts” notified to Home Office	27	–	687 673	65% opioids			5310	0.77
77	1998	Philadelphia, USA	507	Methadone	1	5	507	Heroin	0	0	13	2.56
45	1999	Amsterdam, Netherlands; Baltimore, USA	2809	Treatment shelters and community agencies	6–9	–	15 107	IDU	0	0	264	1.75
46	2000	Catalonia, Spain	135	Treatment	10.5	–	1418	Heroin	21	1.48	41	3.4
51	2001	USA	6570	Methadone	6.7	–	44 019	Heroin	330	0.75	1351	3.07
50	2001	Rome, Italy	11 432	Methadone, other treatment	18	39	80 787	Heroin	715	0.89	1734	2.15
49	2004	Maryland, USA	256	Recent IDU	10	–	2116	IDU	26	1.23	69	3.26
75	2005	Barcelona, Spain	5049	Heroin users entering treatment	8	–	23 048	Heroin	386	1.67	1005	4.36
47	2006	Amsterdam	899	Low threshold methadone	8.8	188	7106	Heroin	94	1.32	183	2.57
48	2006	Valencia, Spain	3247	HIV testing centres	8.6	–	26 772	IDU	281	1.04	585	2.18