| 1988–90 | 1998–2001 | 2002–5 | 1999–2000 | |||||||||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ANC women | ||||||||
| HSV-2+/N | % | HSV-2+/N | % | HSV-2+/N | % | HSV-2+/N | % | HSV-2+/N | % | HSV-2+/N | % | HSV-2+/N | % | |
| Total | 111/334 | 33.2 | 192/343 | 56.0 | 191/335 | 57.0 | 256/384 | 66.7 | 75/178 | 42.1 | 114/205 | 55.6 | 467/981† | 47.6 |
| Age group, years | ||||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 12/75 | 16.0 | 13/44 | 29.6 | 2/13 | 15.4 | 8/20 | 40.0 | 0/13 | 0.0 | 1/20 | 5.0 | 66/246 | 26.8 |
| 20–24 | 10/54 | 18.5 | 17/43 | 39.5 | 4/15 | 26.7 | 28/50 | 56.0 | 3/18 | 16.7 | 12/27 | 44.4 | 136/316 | 43.0 |
| 25–29 | 22/52 | 42.3 | 30/55 | 54.6 | 11/24 | 45.8 | 33/54 | 61.1 | 12/43 | 27.9 | 35/66 | 53.0 | 124/208 | 59.6 |
| 30–34 | 17/48 | 35.4 | 40/67 | 59.7 | 27/55 | 49.1 | 52/75 | 69.3 | 21/39 | 53.9 | 28/45 | 62.2 | 84/118 | 71.2 |
| 35–39 | 25/52 | 48.1 | 46/70 | 65.7 | 32/52 | 61.5 | 42/57 | 73.7 | 22/33 | 66.7 | 17/23 | 73.9 | 46/72 | 63.9 |
| 40–44 | 25/53 | 47.2 | 46/64 | 71.9 | 22/41 | 53.7 | 39/50 | 78.0 | 17/32 | 53.1 | 21/24 | 87.5 | 9/17 | 52.9 |
| 45–49 | 34/44 | 77.3 | 18/25 | 72.0 | ||||||||||
| 50–54 | 11/22 | 50.0 | 16/20 | 80.0 | ||||||||||
| 55+ | 48/69 | 69.6 | 20/33 | 60.6 | ||||||||||
| Area (age 15–44 years) | ||||||||||||||
| 1 (rural + truck stop) | 25/74 | 33.8 | 34/68 | 50.0 | 18/41 | 43.9 | 36/55 | 65.5 | 9/32 | 28.1 | 13/27 | 48.2 | 94/205 | 45.9 |
| 2 (rural) | 45/104 | 43.3 | 34/70 | 48.6 | 26/40 | 65.0 | 32/52 | 61.5 | 15/32 | 46.9 | 16/24 | 66.7 | 112/239 | 46.9 |
| 3 (peri-urban) | 8/41 | 19.5 | 39/76 | 51.3 | 14/33 | 42.4 | 32/54 | 59.3 | 15/37 | 40.5 | 23/37 | 62.2 | 46/102 | 45.1 |
| 4 (urban) | 7/16 | 43.8 | 5/13 | 38.5 | 19/36 | 52.8 | 46/67 | 68.7 | 18/42 | 42.9 | 25/47 | 53.2 | 74/147 | 50.3 |
| 5 (rural + trading area) | 9/25 | 36.0 | 32/47 | 68.1 | 12/27 | 44.4 | 32/46 | 69.6 | 11/17 | 64.7 | 22/41 | 53.7 | 101/208 | 48.6 |
| 6 (rural + border) | 17/72 | 23.6 | 45/65 | 69.2 | 9/23 | 39.1 | 24/32 | 75.0 | 6/15 | 40.0 | 13/23 | 56.5 | 36/74 | 48.7 |
| Standardised* HSV-2 prevalence age 15–44% (95% CI) | ||||||||||||||
| Age-adjusted | 29.6 (24.8 to 34.4) | 47.5 (41.6 to 53.4) | 35.6 (27.0 to 44.2) | 58.0 (50.7 to 65.3) | 27.0 (21.7 to 32.4) | 44.3 (38.0 to 50.5) | 48.2 (44.7 to 51.6) | |||||||
| Age–area-adjusted | 26.0 (20.9 to 31.0) | 45.9 (40.8 to 51.0) | 34.7 (28.7 to 40.8) | 58.0 (52.2 to 63.8) | 28.9 (24.4 to 33.3) | 45.4 (40.3 to 50.4) | 47.2 (44.1 to 50.3) | |||||||
| Age-adjusted, excluding movers | 29.6 (24.8 to 34.4) | 47.5 (41.6 to 53.4) | 27.7 (22.2 to 33.3) | 55.4 (42.5 to 68.4) | 25.6 (20.6 to 30.6) | 37.0 (28.9 to 45.1) | 47.8 (43.3 to 52.2) | |||||||
| Standardised* HIV prevalence age 15–44% (95% CI) | ||||||||||||||
| Age–area-adjusted | 4.0 (2.0 to 5.9) | 4.3 (2.5 to 6.1) | 11.6 (7.2 to 15.9) | 14.4 (10.5 to 18.4) | 12.3 (8.1 to 16.5) | 16.3 (12.0 to 20.5) | ||||||||
*Directly standardised to the age and area distribution of the district. †Two aged <15 years, one aged >44 years and one with missing age excluded from further analyses.
ANC, antenatal clinic; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2.