Table 3 Determinants of parents reported as deceased at round 1 being reported as alive at a later round, Manicaland census data (1998–2005)

Determinants	Maternal orphans				Paternal orphans
Determinants	%	No	OR (95% CI)	p Value	%	No	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Type of orphan
Not a double orphan	35.4	113	1	0.631	11.9	607	1	0.002
Double orphan	32.1	78	0.86 (0.47 to 1.59)	0.631	24.7	73	2.43 (1.35 to 4.39)	0.002
Sex of child
Male child	34.6	110	1	0.686	13.8	347	1	0.709
Female child	31.8	88	0.88 (0.47 to 1.61)	0.686	12.9	342	0.92 (0.59 to 1.43)	0.709
Age of child
0–3 years	47.6	21	1	0.025	19.0	79	1	0.174
4–7 years	42.2	19	0.80 (0.28 to 2.30)		14.7	191	0.73 (0.37 to 1.47)
8–11 years	32.7	33	0.53 (0.20 to 1.40)		12.8	329	0.62 (0.33 to 1.20)
12–15 years	12.9	4	0.16 (0.04 to 0.71)		7.8	90	0.36 (0.14 to 0.95)
Poverty quintile
1st (poorest)	15.6	32	1	0.134	11.1	135	1	0.736
2nd	41.2	34	3.78 (1.10 to 12.97)		11.9	126	1.08 (0.50 to 2.32)
3rd	28.6	56	2.16 (0.69 to 6.72)		15.3	176	1.45 (0.74 to 2.86)
4th	40.5	37	3.68 (1.10 to 12.38)		15.0	127	1.41 (0.68 to 2.91)
5th (richest)	36.1	36	3.05 (0.91 to 10.27)		11.7	120	1.06 (0.49 to 2.29)
Type of location
Subsistence farming area	22.3	94	1	0.009	14.1	320	1	0.030
Roadside trading settlement	41.5	41	2.46 (1.10 to 5.52)		10.7	168	0.73 (0.41 to 1.31)
Agricultural estate	48.9	47	3.33 (1.52 to 7.28)		19.4	129	1.47 (0.86 to 2.52)
Commercial centre	31.3	16	1.58 (0.49 to 5.10)		5.6	72	0.36 (0.12 to 1.04)
Checked birth certificate
All three rounds	31.1	35	1	0.787	10.3	156	1	0.302
At least one round	36.5	104	0.97 (0.44 to 2.16)		14.3	435	1.45 (0.81 to 2.61)
No rounds	30.3	33	0.74 (0.27 to 2.04)		13.2	68	1.34 (0.56 to 3.12)