| Factor | BV prevalence n/N (%) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
| Intravaginal practices | |||
| Vaginal cleansing† | p = 0.79; p trend = 0.34 | p = 0.36; p trend = 0.10 | |
| Does not cleanse | 292/451 (64.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Once daily | 47/74 (63.5%) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.58) | 0.95 (0.56 to 1.62) |
| Twice daily | 174/282 (61.7%) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.19) | 0.78 (0.56 to 1.08) |
| ⩾3 times/day | 293/473 (61.9%) | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.16) | 0.80 (0.60 to 1.07) |
| Usual method of cleansing† | p = 0.39 | p = 0.20 | |
| Does not cleanse | 292/451 (64.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Water only | 86/142 (60.6%) | 0.84 (0.57 to 1.23) | 0.78 (0.52 to 1.18) |
| Soap & water | 368/600 (61.3%) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.11) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.02) |
| Other products | 60/87 (69.0%) | 1.21 (0.74 to 1.98) | 1.11 (0.66 to 1.87) |
| Insert substances for wet sex† | p = 0.23 | p = 0.99 | |
| No | 722/1158 (62.3%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 84/124 (67.7%) | 1.27 (0.85 to 1.88) | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.52) |
| Insert substances for dry sex† | p = 0.008 | p = 0.004 | |
| No | 777/1220 (63.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 29/62 (46.8%) | 0.50 (0.30 to 0.84) | 0.45 (0.26 to 0.78) |
| Any IVP in last 24 h‡ | p = 0.81; p trend = 0.81 | p = 0.89; p trend = 0.99 | |
| No | 254/413 (61.5%) | 1 | 1 |
| 13–24 h ago | 149/230 (64.8%) | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.61) | 1.05 (0.74 to 1.49) |
| 7–12 h ago | 164/255 (64.3%) | 1.13 (0.82 to 1.56) | 1.12 (0.80 to 1.57) |
| ⩽6 h ago | 240/385 (62.3%) | 1.04 (0.78 to 1.38) | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.33) |
| Menstrual hygiene† | p = 0.05 | p = 0.02 | |
| Sanitary pads | 135/229 (59.0%) | 1 | 1 |
| Cloths/underwear/sponges | 623/988 (63.1%) | 1.19 (0.89 to 1.59) | 1.34 (0.97 to 1.85) |
| Cotton wool/toilet paper | 39/51 (76.5%) | 2.26 (1.13 to 4.55) | 2.53 (1.23 to 5.24) |
| Last menstrual period† | p = 0.38 | p = 0.40 | |
| <7 days | 216/350 (61.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| 7–13 days | 197/296 (66.6%) | 1.23 (0.89 to 1.71) | 1.23 (0.88 to 1.74) |
| ⩾14 days | 382/612 (62.4%) | 1.03 (0.79 to 1.35) | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.36) |
| Biological factors | |||
| HIV | p<0.001 | p = 0.002 | |
| No | 483/813 (59.4%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 324/470 (68.9%) | 1.52 (1.19 to 1.93) | 1.49 (1.16 to 1.92) |
| Trichomonas vaginalis† | p<0.001 | p = 0.002 | |
| No | 530/889 (59.6%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 274/390 (70.3%) | 1.60 (1.24 to 2.06) | 1.54 (1.17 to 2.01) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae† | p = 0.13 | p = 0.60 | |
| No | 758/1215 (62.4%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 48/67 (71.6%) | 1.52 (0.88 to 2.62) | 1.16 (0.65 to 2.07) |
| Chlamydia trachomatis† | p = 0.37 | p = 0.11 | |
| No | 754/1193 (63.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 52/89 (58.4%) | 0.82 (0.53 to 1.27) | 0.69 (0.44 to 1.08) |
| Candidiasis† | p = 0.61 | p = 0.59 | |
| No | 718/1145 (62.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 87/134 (64.9%) | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.60) | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.65) |
| HIV genital shedding§ | p = 0.14 | p = 0.20 | |
| No | 161/223 (72.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 162/246 (65.9%) | 0.74 (0.50 to 1.10) | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.15) |
| HSV-2 genital shedding¶ | p = 0.98 | p = 0.77 | |
| No | 513/811 (63.3%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 65/103 (63.1%) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.52) | 0.93 (0.60 to 1.46) |
*Adjusted for age, facility type, number of dependents, number of drinks per week, age at first sex, hormonal contraception and sex in the past 7 days; †data for vaginal cleansing are missing for 3 women. Data for inserting substances for sex are missing for 1 woman. Data for menstrual hygiene are missing for 15 women. Date of last menstrual period could not be remembered by 25 women. Results for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis missing for 1 woman. Results for Trichomonas vaginalis and candidiasis missing for 4 women; ‡cleansing vagina or inserting substances for sex; §among 469 women HIV positive; ¶among 914 women (445 HIV negative and 469 HIV positive).