Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants stratified by hormonal contraception use
| (%) | No HC use, % (N=5750) | Current OCS, % (N=1490) | p Value* | Current DMPA, % (N=478) | p Value† |
| Clinic type | |||||
| STD | 37.7 (2167) | 17.8 (265) | <0.001 | 9.8 (47) | <0.001 |
| Family planning | 31.1 (1804) | 52.8 (784) | <0.001 | 60.3 (313) | <0.001 |
| Primary care | 30.9 (1779) | 29.6 (441) | 0.33 | 24.7 (118) | 0.004 |
| Race | |||||
| Black | 26.2 (1506) | 13.8 (205) | <0.001 | 30.5 (146) | 0.02 |
| White | 39.3 (2260) | 63.2 (942) | <0.001 | 37.2 (178) | 0.53 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 14.5 (831) | 6.4 (96) | <0.001 | 3.1 (15) | <0.001 |
| American Indian/Alaska | 1.2 (68) | 0.6 (9) | 0.002 | 0.6 (3) | 0.30 |
| Multiracial | 1.7 (96) | 1.0 (15) | 0.4 | 2.3 (11) | 0.4 |
| Refused/unknown | 17.2 (989) | 15.0 (223) | 0.2 | 26.2 (125) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic | 29.6 (1700) | 27.7 (413) | 0.67 | 41.8 (200) | <0.001 |
| Refused/unknown | 1.4 (81) | 1.7 (25) | 0.40 | 1.05 (5) | 0.28 |
| Age (years) | |||||
| <18 | 3.7 (213) | 3.0 (45) | 0.20 | 10.0 (48) | <0.001 |
| 18–25 | 33.6 (1933) | 52.0 (775) | <0.001 | 49.8 (238) | <0.001 |
| 26–45 | 48.6 (2795) | 42.3 (631) | 0.01 | 38.3 (183) | 0.008 |
| >45 | 14.1 (809) | 2.6 (39) | <0.001 | 1.9 (9) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use | |||||
| Current | 32.8 (1875) | 20.9 (309) | <0.001 | 28.3 (134) | 0.05 |
| Past | 18.5 (1065) | 21.4 (319) | 0.012 | 15.3 (73) | 0.08 |
| Ever | 51.7 (2939) | 43.5 (627) | <0.001 | 44.1 (207) | 0.002 |
| Condom use | 43.3 (2487) | 30.9 (461) | <0.001 | 18.8 (90) | <0.001 |
| Total no. of lifetime partners | |||||
| 1–3 | 38.7 (2227) | 43.1 (642) | 0.05 | 50.2 (240) | 0.002 |
| 4–10 | 36.2 (2081) | 40.0 (596) | 0.01 | 33.5 (160) | 0.18 |
| >10 | 23.8 (1371) | 16.3 (243) | <0.001 | 16.1 (77) | 0.002 |
| No. of partners in last 6 months | |||||
| 0–3 | 93.4 (5340) | 95.3 (1414) | 0.01 | 96.4 (448) | 0.01 |
| 4–10 | 2.1 (123) | 1.1 (17) | 0.01 | 0.6 (3) | 0.001 |
| >10 | 3.3 (187) | 3.0 (45) | 0.70 | 4.0 (19) | 0.76 |
| No. of new partners in last 6 months | |||||
| 0 | 61.7 (3545) | 66.0 (984) | 0.002 | 70.1 (335) | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 31.2 (1795) | 28.9 (430) | 0.08 | 23.6 (113) | 0.01 |
| 4–10 | 2.1 (123) | 1.1 (17) | 0.01 | 0.6 (3) | 0.03 |
| >10 | 3.3 (187) | 3.0 (45) | 0.74 | 4.0 (19) | 0.34 |
| Age at sexual debut | |||||
| ≤14 | 19.3 (1109) | 13.1 (194) | <0.001 | 20.8 (99) | 0.47 |
| 15–18 | 50.2 (2885) | 61.2 (912) | <0.001 | 58.4 (279) | 0.001 |
| >18 | 29.5 (1697) | 25.0 (373) | 0.01 | 20.7 (99) | 0.002 |
| No. of children | |||||
| 0 | 21.4 (1229) | 21.1 (315) | 0.9 | 21.3 (102) | 0.9 |
| 1–2 | 36.6 (2102) | 28.1 (418) | <0.001 | 49.6 (237) | <0.001 |
| >2 | 20.7 (1188) | 8.3 (123) | <0.001 | 12.3 (59) | <0.001 |
| Missing/unknown | 21.4 (1231) | 42.6 (634) | <0.001 | 16.7 (80) | 0.02 |
| Concomitant infections‡ | |||||
| HIV | 0.1 (2) | 0 (0) | <0.001 | 0 (0) | 0.84 |
| GC | 2.7 (110) | 0.7 (6) | <0.001 | 0.6 (2) | 0.02 |
| CT | 7.1 (303) | 4.1 (41) | 0.001 | 8.2 (29) | 0.39 |
| Trichomonas | 4.5 (254) | 1.0 (14) | <0.001 | 2.4 (11) | 0.03 |
| BV | 21.2 (1201) | 9.6 (140) | <0.001 | 8.39 (39) | <0.001 |
| Candidiasis | 10.2 (577) | 11.3 (164) | 0.25 | 7.1 (33) | 0.001 |
| HPV‡ | |||||
| Any | 33.4 (1841) | 34.2 (494) | 0.58 | 37.2 (171) | 0.10 |
| LR§ | 18.7 (1030) | 17.7 (256) | 0.39 | 19.6 (90) | 0.64 |
| HR§ | 24.2 (1335) | 25.7 (371) | 0.26 | 28.9 (133) | 0.03 |
| Clade A7¶ | 9.7 (535) | 9.8 (142) | 0.9 | 12.1 (56) | 0.09 |
| Clade A9** | 11.1 (613) | 13.1 (189) | 0.8 | 15 (69) | 0.01 |
| 16 | 4.8 (265) | 7.1 (102) | 0.001 | 8.0 (37) | 0.002 |
| 18 | 2.2 (122) | 2.1 (30) | 0.75 | 2.8 (13) | 0.40 |
| 45 | 1.8 (99) | 1.4 (20) | 0.28 | 3.0 (14) | 0.06 |
| 31 | 1.8 (101) | 1.7 (25) | 0.79 | 2.0 (9) | 0.84 |
| Pap results | |||||
| Normal | 80.9 (4651) | 78.4 (1169) | 0.05 | 80.3 (384) | 0.76 |
| ASCUS | 7.9 (456) | 9.9 (148) | 0.01 | 9.2 (44) | 0.24 |
| ASC-H/AGC | 0.9 (49) | 0.8 (12) | 1.0 | 0.2 (1) | 0.18 |
| LSIL/HSIL/AIS | 6.1 (351) | 7.3 (108) | 0.12 | 4.8 (23) | 0.31 |
| Missing | 4.2 (243) | 3.6 (53) | 0.30 | 5.4 (26) | 0.24 |
↵* Chi-squared p values comparing ‘no HC’ group with ‘current OCS’ group.
↵† Chi-squared p values comparing ‘no HC’ group with ‘current DMPA’ group.
↵‡ Of specimens tested.
↵§ Women with concomitant detection of both LR and HR types were excluded from this analysis.
↵¶ Clade A7 includes HPV types 18, 39, 45, 59 and 68.
↵** Clade A9 includes HPV types 16, 31, 33, 35, 52 and 58.
AGC, atypical glandular cells; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; ASC-H, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance—cannot exclude HSIL; ASCUS, atypical squamous cells of unclear significance; BV, bacterial vaginosis; CT, chlamydia; DMPA, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate; GC, gonorrhoea; HC, hormonal contraceptive; HPV, human papillomavirus; HR, high risk; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; LR, low risk; LSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; NS, not statistically significant; OCS, oral contraceptive pill; STD, sexually transmitted disease.