Summary of findings from studies of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS
Study authors, date | Sample—all HIV+ | % Receiving ART | STI diagnosis/detection | STI point prevalence | STI time interval prevalence |
Africa and Middle East | |||||
Machekano et al, 200027 | 666 Men factory workers, Zimbabwe | NR | Presentation with urethral discharge, genital ulcer, genital warts, or other |
| |
Aboud et al, 20085 | 2292 Pregnant women enrolled in an HIV prevention trial, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia | NR | External examination, serology, Gram stain |
| |
Agmon-Levin et al, 201028 | 1060 Patients receiving HIV-related care, Israel | NR | Clinical records and serology | 14% Syphilis | |
Asia | |||||
Zhang et al, 200729 | 16 Men, VCT centre, China | None, initial test | Serology |
| |
Park et al, 200830 | 539 Patients at HIV clinics, Republic of Korea | 100% Taking HAART | Serology |
| |
Lee et al, 200931 | 116 Men and 7 women attending HIV clinic, China | NR | Self-reported history, medical records, serology and urine screening | 8.9% Had active STD at enrolment | 19.5% New STI since HIV diagnosis |
Sirivongrangson et al, in press | 131 MSM STI clinic patients, Thailand | 16% | Clinical examination, PCR, serology |
| |
Australia | |||||
Jin et al, 200732 | 235 Men in the Positive Health Cohort Australia | NR | Serology, urine and anal screening |
| |
Europe | |||||
Stolte et al, 200633 | 222 Men, STD clinic patients, The Netherlands | None | Serology and culture |
| |
Kofoed et al, 200624 | 2200 Infectious disease patients, Denmark | 83% of Syphilis patients taking ART | Serology | 2% Syphilis cases diagnosed in 1 year | |
Dodds et al, 200734 |
| NR | Self-report STI diagnosis in past year |
| |
Landes et al 200735 | 1050 Pregnant women, seven countries in Europe | 80% Antenatal ART | Clinical and laboratory |
| |
Diaz et al, 200936 | 1462 MSM diagnosed with HIV between 2003 and 2007 in Spain | NA | Clinical diagnosis | 31% Diagnosed with chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis at time of testing HIV positive | |
Branger et al, 200937 | 1105 HIV clinic patients with history of syphilis testing, The Netherlands | NR | Serology | 6.2% Syphilis (33% asymptomatic) | |
Dang et al, 200938 | 147 Men, Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Switzerland | 71% Combination ART | Anal swab specimens screened for Chlamydia trachomatis by PCR; self-reported STI history |
| |
North America | |||||
Niccolai et al, 200039 | 1407 Women at public HIV outpatient clinic, USA | NR | Clinical diagnosis trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and primary or secondary syphilis |
| |
Kalichman et al, 200040 | 223 Men, 112 women, 5 transgender recruited from community services, USA | NR | Self-reported |
| |
Cu-Uvin et al, 200122 | 108 Women, research site, USA |
| Clinical diagnosis and culture |
| |
Scheer et al, 200141 | 11 516 People living with AIDS in San Francisco data extracted from central STI registry, USA | 79% Received HIV therapy | Clinical reports to central registry of chlamydia, gonorhrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, syphilis |
| |
Do et al, 200142 | 36 102 Patients attending over 100 health clinics, USA between 1991 and 1998 | 62% Received HIV therapy | Culture, Gram-stain | 1.6% Urogenital gonorrhoea infection | |
Cu-Uvin et al, 200243 | 871 Women in HERS Cohort – patients in health clinics in 4 cities, USA | NR | Microscopic evaluation, culture |
| |
Whittington et al, 200244 | 337 Men receiving public health clinic services and recruited from other sites, USA | NR | Serology and urine screening |
| |
Erbelding et al, 200345 | 796 Men and 354 women public STI clinic patients, USA | NA | Clinical records from routine testing services |
| |
Bachmann et al, 200546 | 338 Men, HIV clinic, USA | 76% HAART | Pharynx and rectal swabs; urine samples, cultures and PCR |
| |
Phipps et al, 200547 | 814 Primary care HIV patients, USA | NR | Serology, urine screening, pharyngeal and anal swabs |
| |
Kahle et al, 200748 | 4711 Patients at HIV clinics and hospitals, USA | 74% History of HIV treatment | Serology, Gram stain, culture, self-report and referral |
| |
Manning et al, 200749 | 632 264 People living with HIV/AIDS in New York City data extracted from central STI registry, USA | NR | Clinical reports to central registry |
| |
Sena et al, 200850 | 1460 Newly diagnosed men and 2142 newly diagnosed women from public testing sites, USA | NA | Serology and clinical records |
| |
Rieg et al, 200851 | 212 Men receiving medical care at 2 HIV clinics, USA | NR | Serology, urine screening, self-report |
| |
Mayer et al, 200952 | 398 Men screened at a community research site, USA | 66% ART | Medical records of clinical examination, serology, PCR, |
| |
Horberg et al, 200953 | 622 Patients in an integrated healthcare system, USA | 51% Treated | Laboratory database searched for serological test results | 12.4% Syphilis | |
Kalichman et al, 200954 | 320 Men, 137 women, 33 transgender recruited from community services, USA | 71% Treated | Self-reported STI |
| |
Romanowski et al, 200955 | 455 Men, 174 women infectious disease clinic patients, Canada | 77% Men, 60% women HAART | HSV-1 and HSV-2 serology |
| |
McCoy et al, 20096 | 56 Men and 19 women with acute HIV infection, USA | NA | Clinical confirmed diagnosis |
| |
South America | |||||
Griemberg et al, 200656 | 87 HIV-positive patients detected in clinics/hospitals, Argentina | NA | Clinical diagnosis | 58% Syphilis reactive at time of testing | |
Grinsztejn et al, 200657 | 458 Women receiving care, Brazil | 67% | Clinical diagnosis |
| |
Caribbean | |||||
Hutton-Rose et al, 200858 | 138 Men and 132 women referral clinic, Jamaica | NR | History, clinical examination, and lab diagnosis |
|
ART, antiretroviral therapy; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HSV, herpes simplex virus; MSM, men who have sex with men; STD, sexually transmitted disease; STI, sexually transmitted infection; VCT, voluntary counselling and testing.