HIV prevalence and associated risk factors
| Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||||
| HIV prevalence (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | *p Value | HIV prevalence (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | *p Value | |
| All volunteers | 245/1025 (23.9) | – | – | 332/980 (33.9) | – | – | ||
| Age group (years) | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| 35+ | 93/296 (31.4) | I | I | 70/213 (32.9) | I | I | ||
| 25–34 | 122/444 (27.5) | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.14) | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.25) | 0.47 | 182/421 (43.2) | 1.56 (1.10 to 2.20) | 1.43 (0.97 to 2.10) | 0.07 |
| 18–24 | 30/252 (11.9) | 0.29 (0.19 to 0.46) | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.52) | <0.01 | 78/303 (25.7) | 0.71 (0.48 to 1.04) | 0.65 (0.41 to 1.01) | 0.05 |
| 13–17 | 0/33 (0) | – | – | – | 2/43 (4.7) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.42) | 0.14 (0.03 to 0.65) | 0.01 |
| Fishing village | p<0.01 | p=0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| A | 41/196 (20.9) | I | I | 52/193 (26.9) | I | I | ||
| B | 118/396 (29.8) | 1.60 (1.07 to 2.41) | 1.32 (0.83 to 2.09) | 0.24 | 147/374 (39.9) | 1.76 (1.20 to 2.57) | 1.69 (1.07 to 2.65) | 0.02 |
| C | 29/189 (15.3) | 0.69 (0.41 to 1.16) | 0.57 (0.32 to 1.05) | 0.07 | 62/228 (27.2) | 1.01 (0.65 to 1.56) | 1.13 (0.68 to 1.86) | 0.64 |
| D | 22/101 (21.8) | 1.05 (0.59 to 1.89) | 0.97 (0.50 to 1.89) | 0.93 | 38/95 (40.0) | 1.81 (1.08 to 3.04) | 1.95 (1.08 to 3.52) | 0.03 |
| E | 35/143 (23.9) | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.47) | 0.95 (0.54 to 1.68) | 0.86 | 33/90 (36.7) | 1.56 (0.92 to 2.68) | 1.56 (0.84 to 2.86) | 0.16 |
| Relationship with head of household | p<0.01 | p=0.04 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| Head | 207/805 (25.7) | I | I | 117/254 (46.1) | I | I | ||
| Spouse | 6/9 (66.7) | 5.78 (1.43 to 23.3) | 3.94 (0.91 to 17.03) | 0.07 | 179/571 (31.4) | 0.53 (0.39 to 0.72) | 0.51 (0.34 to 0.76) | <0.01 |
| Daughter/son | 4/36 (11.2) | 0.36 (0.13 to 1.03) | 1.01 (0.25 to 5.36) | 0.99 | 9/53 (17.0) | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.51) | 0.75 (0.31 to 1.78) | 0.51 |
| Other relative | 28/175 (16.0) | 0.55 (0.35 to 0.85) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.08) | 0.10 | 27/102 (26.5) | 0.42 (0.25 to 0.70) | 0.63 (0.26 to 1.00) | 0.12 |
| Occupation | p<0.01 | p=0.02 | p=0.01 | p=0.02 | ||||
| Small-scale business | 88/492 (17.9) | I | I | 157/530 (29.6) | I | I | ||
| Fisherman | 154/526 (29.3) | 1.90 (1.41 to 2.56) | 1.58 (1.11 to 2.24) | 0.01 | – | – | – | |
| Housewife | – | – | – | 112/312 (35.9) | 1.33 (1.00 to 1.79) | 1.53 (1.04 to 2.27) | 0.03 | |
| Bar/restaurant attendant | 3/7 (42.9) | 3.44 (0.76 to 15.66) | 3.84 (0.74 to 20.00) | 0.11 | 63/138 (45.7) | 2.00 (1.36 to 2.93) | 1.50 (0.96 to 2.34) | 0.07 |
| Told that had STI (past 3 months) | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p=0.01 | ||||
| No | 175/830 (21.1) | I | I | 216/734 (29.4) | I | I | ||
| Yes | 70/195 (35.9) | 2.10 (1.50 to 2.93) | 1.09 (0.70 to 1.70) | 0.71 | 116/246 (47.2) | 1.37 (1.03 to 1.84) | 1.67 (1.16 to 2.41) | 0.01 |
| Self-reported genital sores (past 3 months) | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| No | 145/728 (19.9) | I | I | 175/607 (28.8) | I | I | ||
| Yes | 100/297 (33.7) | 2.04 (1.51 to 2.76) | 1.71 (1.20 to 2.45) | <0.01 | 157/373 (42.1) | 1.79 (1.37 to 2.35) | 1.51 (1.09 to 2.10) | 0.01 |
| Self-reported genital discharge (past 3 months) | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| No | 166/805 (20.6) | I | I | 151/529 (28.5) | I | I | ||
| Yes | 74/200 (37.0) | 2.26 (1.62 to 3.16) | 1.94 (1.27 to 2.95) | <0.01 | 167/417 (40.1) | 1.67 (1.27 to 2.19) | 1.30 (0.94 to 1.82) | 0.11 |
| Syphilis | p=0.26 | p<0.01 | p=0.30 | p<0.01 | ||||
| Negative | 233/988 (23.5) | I | I | 317/948 (33.4) | I | I | ||
| Positive (RPR titre ≥1:8 and TPHA+) | 12/37 (32.4) | 1.50 (0.74 to 3.06) | 1.43 (0.66 to 3.10) | 0.89 | 15/32 (46.9) | 1.76 (0.87 to 3.60) | 1.63 (1.03 to 2.56) | 0.04 |
| Knew partner's HIV+ status | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| No | 224/980 (22.9) | I | I | 303/937 (32.3) | I | I | ||
| Yes | 21/45 (46.7) | 2.95 (1.61 to 5.40) | 3.24 (1.67 to 6.28) | <0.01 | 29/43 (67.4) | 4.33 (2.25 to 8.32) | 3.81 (1.90 to 7.64) | <0.01 |
| Condom use | p=0.05 | p=0.10 | p=0.51 | p=0.29 | ||||
| Consistent | 20/112 (17.9) | I | I | 12/136 (8.8) | I | I | ||
| Inconsistent | 225/913 (24.6) | 1.56 (1.04 to 2.33) | 1.57 (0.92 to 2.68) | 0.10 | 209/598 (34.9) | 1.24 (0.64 to 2.41) | 1.47 (0.71 to 3.03) | |
| Alcohol consumption | p=0.02 | p=0.56 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | ||||
| No | 84/418 (20.1) | I | I | 159/567 (28.0) | I | I | ||
| Yes | 162/607 (26.7) | 1.44 (1.06 to 1.94) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.54) | 173/413 (41.9) | 1.84 (1.41 to 2.41) | 1.61 (1.20 to 2.17) | <0.01 | |
p Value, likelihood-ratio test probability value; *p value, Wald test probability value; only statistically significant variables (p<0.05) at univariate analyses for men or women were included in the table except for syphilis, which was included as an a priori confounder.
RPR, rapid plasma reagin test; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TPHA, Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay.