Summary of STI prevalence by migration status and country of origin
| Migrant | Non-migrant | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income level | Country | STI outcome | Country of origin/migration status | STI positive/total | % | STI positive/total | % | Reference |
| High | UK | Chlamydia | Eastern Europe | 7/140 | 5 | 3/92 | 3 | 33 |
| Gonorrhoea | 5/150 | 4 | 0/92 | 0 | ||||
| Australia | Gonorrhoea (all sites) | Thailand, Malaysia, China | 17/123 | 14 | 0/91 | 0 | 37 | |
| Gonorrhoea (urogenital) | 14/123 | 11 | 0/91 | 0 | ||||
| Chlamydia | 18/123 | 15 | 0/91 | 0 | ||||
| Trichomonias | 1/123 | 1 | 0/91 | 0 | ||||
| Hong Kong | Gonorrhoea | Legal migrants | 3/361 | 0.8 | 3/97 | 3.1 | 42 | |
| Illegal migrants | 3/45 | 7 | 3/97 | 3.1 | ||||
| Chlamydia | Legal migrants | 12/361 | 3.3 | 8/97 | 8.2 | |||
| Illegal migrants | 3/45 | 7 | 8/97 | 8.2 | ||||
| Weighted average | All STIs | 83/1594 | 5 | 25/742 | 3 | |||
| Chlamydia | 31/669 | 5 | 19/280 | 7 | ||||
| Gonorrhoea | 28/679 | 4 | 6/280 | 2 | ||||
| Upper-middle | Turkey | Early latent syphilis (EIA reactivity) | Romania | 12/96 | 13 | 7/88 | 8 | 28 |
| All Syphilis# (IgG.TPA) | Romania | 37/96 | 39 | 15/88 | 17 | |||
| Mexico | Gonorrhoea | All migrants | 39/288 | 14 | 14/212 | 7 | 48 | |
| Guatemala | 24/162 | 15 | 6/88 | 7 | ||||
| El Salvador | 8/62 | 13 | 4/62 | 6 | ||||
| Honduras | 7/64 | 11 | 4/64 | 6 | ||||
| Mexico | Chlamydia | All migrants | 43/289 | 15 | 29/226 | 13 | 48 | |
| Guatemala | 24/162 | 15 | 13/99 | 13 | ||||
| El Salvador | 10/63 | 16 | 8/63 | 13 | ||||
| Honduras | 9/64 | 14 | 8/64 | 12.5% | ||||
| Mexico | Syphilis* | Internal | 48/370 | 13 | 18/101 | 18 | 24 | |
| Chlamydia | 59/370 | 16 | 19/101 | 19 | ||||
| Gonorrhoea | 30/370 | 8 | 13/101 | 13 | ||||
| Any STI | 115/370 | 31 | 47/101 | 47 | ||||
| Weighted average | All STIs | 246/1139 | 22 | 112/715 | 16 | |||
| Lower-middle | China | Any STI infection† | Internal | 49/147 | 33 | 124/264 | 47 | 38 |
| Low | Benin‡ | Syphilis§ | Ghana | 4/128 | 3 | 1/130 | 1 | 25 |
| Nigeria | 2/225 | 1 | 1/130 | 1 | ||||
| Togo | 3/87 | 3 | 1/130 | 1 | ||||
| Other¶ | 1/21 | 4 | 1/130 | 1 | ||||
| All migrants | 10/461 | 5 | 1/130 | 1 | ||||
| Benin | Gonorrhoea | Ghana | 35/128 | 27 | 14/130 | 11 | 25 | |
| Nigeria | 50/225 | 22 | 14/130 | 11 | ||||
| Togo | 22/87 | 25 | 14/130 | 11 | ||||
| Other¶ | 1/21 | 4 | 14/130 | 11 | ||||
| All migrants | 108/461 | 23 | 14/130 | 11 | ||||
| Benin | Chlamydia | Ghana | 6/128 | 5 | 10/130 | 8 | 25 | |
| Nigeria | 11/225 | 5 | 10/130 | 8 | ||||
| Togo | 3/87 | 4 | 10/130 | 8 | ||||
| Other¶ | 1/21 | 3 | 10/130 | 8 | ||||
| All migrants | 21/461 | 5 | 10/130 | 8 | ||||
| Weighted average | All STIs | 139/1383 | 10 | 25/390 | 6 | |||
*Rapid plasma reagin titres ≥1 : 8 were considered to be reflective of active infection.
†Testing positive at the time of survey for either syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, genital warts or trichomonias.
‡Data are taken from only the 1999 phase of study as only small samples of non-migrants were available in 1993 and 1995 (n=7 and 37) respectively.
§Active syphilis was diagnosed when both the rapid plasma reagin and T. pallidum haemagglutination (or T. pallidum particle agglutination) tests were positive.
¶Not specified.
#All syphilis includes past infection, early latent and late latent syphilis.
EIA, enzyme immunoassay.