Risk factors of incident HPV infection at the glans or shaft over 12 months among 482 men in Kisumu, Kenya, who were HPV-negative at the baseline visit
| Overall HPV | High-risk HPV | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted model | Final multivariate model | Age-adjusted model | Final multivariate model | |
| Baseline risk factor | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)* | Adjusted HR (95% CI)‡ |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 17–19 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) |
| 20–21 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.7) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) |
| 22+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Employed | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary or none | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.1) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.0) | ||
| Secondary | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.4) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | ||
| Tertiary | 1 | 1 | ||
| Presence of Chlamydia trachomatis | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.9 (0.9 to 4.1) | 1.8 (0.7 to 4.2) | ||
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.8) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | ||
| Bathing frequency | ||||
| Less than daily | 3.0 (1.2 to 7.9) | 2.6 (1.0 to 6.5) | 3.5 (1.2 to 10.1) | 3.0 (1.1 to 8.4) |
| Daily | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Use of condom last partner | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | ||
| Condom use last 6 months | ||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤half time | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) | ||
| >half time | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | ||
| Lifetime # of female partners | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–5 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | ||
| 6+ | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | ||
| Partners in last 12 months | ||||
| 0–1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2+ | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| Living with female sexual partner | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.3) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.5) | ||
| Age at first intercourse | ||||
| ≤14 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) | ||
| 15–16 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) | ||
| 17+ | 1 | 1 | ||
| Years of sexual activity | ||||
| ≤2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3–4 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | ||
| 5–6 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | ||
| 7+ | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.6) | ||
| Paid money for sex in last 6 months | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) | ||
| Travel to Nairobi in last 6 months | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) | ||
| Ever tasted alcohol | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | ||
| Hours until washing penis after sex | ||||
| ≤1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–5 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | ||
| 6+ | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | ||
| Penile cuts or abrasions during sex | ||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ever | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | ||
| Presence of sexually transmitted disease previous 6 months or current (self-reported) | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | ||
*Adjusted for age (<20, 20–21, >21 years).
†Adjusted for age, employment status, bathing frequency and partners in last 12 months (0–1, >1 partners).
‡Adjusted for age, bathing frequency and partners in last 12 months.
HPV, human papillomavirus.