Table 2

Association between socio-demographic, injecting drug use, sexual behaviour and other characteristics, and HIV, use of used syringes (at last injection), and use of a professional injector (last injection) among injection drug users in Punjab, 2011*†

	HIV		Used dirty syringe, last injection		Used professional injector, last injection
	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p Value
Age group
<20	Ref		Ref		Ref
20–24	1.56 (0.64 to 3.77)	0.324	0.78 (0.32 to 1.86)	0.569	0.63 (0.25 to 1.58)	0.325
25–29	1.31 (0.54 to 3.18)	0.547	0.73 (0.30 to 1.74)	0.477	0.56 (0.22 to 1.40)	0.213
30–34	1.23 (0.50 to 3.03)	0.649	0.95 (0.39 to 2.30)	0.904	0.51 (0.20 to 1.29)	0.157
35–39	0.87 (0.34 to 2.20)	0.764	0.82 (0.33 to 2.06)	0.677	0.65 (0.25 to 1.70)	0.381
40+	0.76 (0.30 to 1.91)	0.563	0.64 (0.26 to 1.57)	0.327	0.65 (0.25 to 1.68)	0.374
Education
Illiterate	Ref		Ref		Ref
Primary school only	0.68 (0.53 to 0.89)	0.004	0.87 (0.68 to 1.12)	0.277	0.90 (0.69 to 1.18)	0.455
Middle school or more	0.84 (0.63 to 1.11)	0.212	0.66 (0.50 to 0.87)	0.003	0.85 (0.63 to 1.14)	0.276
Marital status
Unmarried	Ref		Ref		Ref
Currently married	0.79 (0.61 to 1.01)	0.064	0.93 (0.73 to 1.20)	0.579	0.93 (0.71 to 1.21)	0.573
Separated/divorced	0.71 (0.51 to 0.98)	0.037	0.93 (0.68 to 1.27)	0.665	0.80 (0.57 to 1.12)	0.192
Where living
Home	Ref		Ref		Ref
Hostel/hotel, etc	0.68 (0.49 to 0.94)	0.020	1.63 (1.19 to 2.22)	0.002	0.86 (0.61 to 1.21)	0.397
Street/lane, etc	0.81 (0.63 to 1.04)	0.092	1.46 (1.14 to 1.86)	0.003	1.36 (1.05 to 1.77)	0.021
Duration of injecting habit
1 year or less	Ref		Ref		Ref
2–4 years	1.49 (1.12 to 1.98)	0.006	0.95 (0.72 to 1.25)	0.698	0.78 (0.58 to 1.05)	0.096
5–9 years	1.61 (1.14 to 2.27)	0.007	0.71 (0.51 to 0.98)	0.040	0.69 (0.48 to 0.98)	0.038
10+ years	1.35 (0.86 to 2.13)	0.194	0.73 (0.47 to 1.12)	0.147	0.73 (0.46 to 1.17)	0.193
Frequency of injection, yesterday
0 times	Ref		Ref		Ref
1–2 times	0.43 (0.11 to 1.73)	0.236	2.24 (0.45 to 11.14)	0.326	0.69 (0.16 to 3.04)	0.628
3+ times	0.72 (0.18 to 2.86)	0.642	1.83 (0.37 to 9.08)	0.460	0.71 (0.16 to 3.11)	0.653
Where last injected
Non-public space	Ref		Ref		Ref
Public space	0.86 (0.63 to 1.18)	0.349	0.89 (0.65 to 1.21)	0.448	1.19 (0.84 to 1.68)	0.335
Who last injected with
Nobody	Ref		Ref		Ref
Someone else	0.88 (0.69 to 1.14)	0.340	1.42 (1.11 to 1.82)	0.006	7.32 (5.40 to 9.91)	0.000
Used dirty syringe, last injection
No	Ref		–	–	Ref
Yes	0.98 (0.79 to 1.21)	0.839	–	–	1.35 (1.08 to 1.68)	0.008
Used a professional injector, last injection
No	Ref		Ref		–	–
Yes	1.14 (0.91 to 1.43)	0.257	1.36 (1.09 to 1.69)	0.007	–	–
Injected avil
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.59 (0.42 to 0.82)	0.002	1.04 (0.74 to 1.46)	0.829	0.95 (0.66 to 1.36)	0.764
Injected heroin
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.90 (0.69 to 1.17)	0.430	1.28 (0.98 to 1.66)	0.066	1.01 (0.77 to 1.34)	0.921
Injected diazepam
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.62 (0.46 to 0.83)	0.002	1.20 (0.90 to 1.61)	0.206	0.82 (0.60 to 1.12)	0.207
Injected tamgesic
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.04 (0.77 to 1.42)	0.788	1.02 (0.76 to 1.37)	0.902	1.15 (0.84 to 1.58)	0.385
Paid FSW, last 6 months
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.90 (0.67 to 1.20)	0.460	1.37 (1.03 to 1.82)	0.033	0.82 (0.60 to 1.12)	0.216
Paid MSW/HSW for sex, last 6 months
No	Ref
Yes	0.80 (0.53 to 1.21)	0.285	1.03 (0.70 to 1.54)	0.868	0.94 (0.61 to 1.44)	0.764
Has done sex work
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.07 (0.81 to 1.42)	0.616	1.15 (0.87 to 1.51)	0.321	1.01 (0.76 to 1.35)	0.939
Aware of Government of Pakistan IDU services
No	Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	1.17 (0.86 to 1.58)	0.320	0.70 (0.52 to 0.96)	0.024	2.14 (1.55 to 2.97)	0.000

*Variables are considered statistically significant at the p<0.017 level, correcting for multiple comparisons.
†Lahore, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad, Multan and Rawalpindi cities included in analyses.
FSW, female sex worker; HSW, hijra sex worker; IDU, injecting drug user; MSW, male sex worker.