Univariable regression analysis of risk factors associated with syphilis prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW)
| Variables | MSM | TW | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifetime syphilis (N=73) | Active syphilis (N=34) | Lifetime syphilis (N=76) | Active syphilis (N=41) | |||||
| n (%) | PR (95% CI) | n (%) | PR (95% CI) | n (%) | PR (95% CI) | n (%) | PR (95% CI) | |
| Recruitment site | ||||||||
| Bar/nightclub | 51 (24.4) | Reference | 19 (9.1) | Reference | 12 (52.2) | Reference | 4 (17.4) | Reference |
| Massage parlour/sauna | 6 (35.7) | 1.48 (0.70 to 3.11) | 4 (28.6) | 3.29 (1.28 to 8.41)* | 21 (60.0) | 1.14 (0.72 to 1.80) | 23 (34.3) | 1.69 (0.68 to 4.19) |
| Street/park | 17 (30.9) | 1.31 (0.83 to 2.06) | 11 (20.0) | 2.42 (1.29 to 4.73)* | 43 (45.7) | 0.82 (0.53 to 1.27) | 25 (26.6) | 1.22 (0.52 to 2.88) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <20 | 8 (11.4) | Reference | 5 (7.1) | Reference | 8 (33.3) | Reference | 8 (33.3) | Reference |
| 20–24 | 29 (29.3) | 2.56 (1.24 to 5.27)* | 14 (14.1) | 1.98 (0.75 to 5.25)* | 21 (46.7) | 1.40 (0.73 to 2.67) | 17 (37.8) | 1.13 (0.57 to 2.24) |
| 25–29 | 13 (26.5) | 2.32 (1.04 to 5.18)* | 7 (11.7) | 2.00 (0.67 to 5.95) | 9 (30.0) | 0.90 (0.41 to 1.98) | 5 (16.7) | 0.50 (0.19 to 1.34)* |
| ≥30 | 23 (38.3) | 3.35 (1.62 to 6.95)* | 8 (13.3) | 1.87 (0.64 to 5.41) | 38 (71.7) | 2.15 (1.19 to 3.89)* | 11 (20.7) | 0.62 (0.27 to 1.35) |
| Education (years) | ||||||||
| >12 | 24 (22.0) | Reference | 9 (8.2) | Reference | 1 (12.5) | Reference | 21 (12.5) | Reference |
| 10–12 | 39 (28.3) | 1.28 (0.82 to 2.00) | 21 (15.2) | 1.84 (0.51 to 3.87) | 33 (48.5) | 3.88 (0.61 to 24.83)* | 19 (27.9) | 2.51 (0.38 to 16.69) |
| ≤9 | 10 (32.3) | 1.46 (0.79 to 2.73) | 4 (12.9) | 1.56 (0.51 to 4.74) | 42 (55.3) | 4.42 (0.69 to 28.13)* | 1 (27.6) | 2.52 (0.38 to 16.67) |
| Monthly household income (US$) | ||||||||
| >1448 | 12 (18.2) | Reference | 6 (9.1) | Reference | 7 (53.8) | Reference | 3 (23.1) | Reference |
| 290–1448 | 43 (27.2) | 1.49 (0.84 to 2.65)* | (16) 10.1 | 1.11 (0.45 to 2.72) | 37 (51.4) | 0.95 (0.55 to 1.65) | 21 (29.2) | 1.26 (0.44 to 3.64) |
| ≤290 | 13 (34.2) | 1.88 (0.95 to 3.70)* | (8) 21.0 | 2.31 (0.87 to 6.18)* | 27 (49.1) | 0.91 (0.51 to 1.62) | 13 (23.6) | 1.02 (0.34 to 3.09) |
| Alcohol consumption in the last month | ||||||||
| Rarely/never | 21 (22.8) | Reference | 7 (7.6) | Reference | 27 (50.0) | Reference | 19 (35.2) | Reference |
| At least once a week | 46 (27.2) | 1.15 (0.62 to 2.14) | 23 (13.6) | 1.79 (0.80 to 4.01)* | 37 (48.7) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.38) | 16 (21.0) | 0.60 (0.34 to 1.05)* |
| Daily | 6 (35.3) | 0.94 (0.44 to 2.14) | 4 (23.6) | 3.09 (1.01 to 9.44)* | 12 (54.5) | 0.90 (0.46 to 1.74) | 6 (27.3) | 0.77 (0.36 to 1.68) |
| Recreational drug use (ever) | ||||||||
| No | 41 (24.8) | Reference | 20 (12.2) | Reference | 27 (49.1) | Reference | 17 (30.9) | Reference |
| Yes | 32 (28.3) | 1.14 (0.77 to 1.69) | 14 (12.4) | 1.02 (0.54 to 1.94) | 49 (50.5) | 1.03 (0.74 to 1.44)* | 24 (24.7) | 0.800 (0.47 to 1.36) |
| Age at first sexual intercourse (years) | ||||||||
| ≥15 | 32 (22.2) | Reference | 15 (10.5) | Reference | 25 (53.2) | Reference | 15 (31.9) | Reference |
| <15 | 40 (30.8) | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.25) | 18 (13.9) | 1.33 (0.70 to 2.53) | 51 (48.6) | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.41) | 26 (24.8) | 0.77 (0.45 to 1.33) |
| Number of male sexual partners in the last week | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 48 (22.6) | Reference | 23 (10.8) | Reference | 19 (41.3) | Reference | 3 (6.5) | Reference |
| 2–10 | 20 (35.7) | 1.57 (1.02 to 2.43) | 7 (12.5) | 1.15 (0.52 to 2.55) | 17 (48.6) | 1.17 (0.72 to 1.91) | 10 (28.6) | 1.88 (0.79 to 4.45)* |
| >10 | 5 (50.0) | 2.21 (1.13 to 4.31) | 4 (40.0) | 3.69 (1.57 to 8.65)* | 40 (56.3) | 1.36 (0.91 to 2.04)* | 28 (39.4) | 2.22 (1.04 to 4.74)* |
| Condom use with male sexual partner in the last oral intercourse | ||||||||
| Yes | 16 (32.6) | Reference | 8 (16.3) | Reference | 22 (48.9) | Reference | 10 (22.2) | Reference |
| No | 53 (24.5) | 1.33 (0.83 to 2.12) | 25 (11.6) | 1.41 (0.68 to 2.94) | 47 (49.5) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.42) | 28 (29.5) | 0.75 (0.40 to 1.42) |
| Condom use with male sexual partner in the last anal intercourse | ||||||||
| Yes | 45 (26.2) | Reference | 23 (13.4) | Reference | 38 (50.7) | Reference | 19 (25.3) | Reference |
| No | 28 (26.7) | 1.01 (0.67 to 1.51) | 11 (10.5) | 1.27 (0.65 to 2.51) | 35 (47.9) | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.31) | 21 (28.8) | 0.88 (0.52 to 1.50) |
| Frequency of condom use with male/female sexual partners in last year | ||||||||
| Always | 28 (26.2) | Reference | 16 (14.9) | Reference | 23 (52.3) | Reference | 11 (25.0) | Reference |
| Sometimes | 36 (26.3) | 1.00 (0.65 to 1.53) | 16 (11.7) | 0.78 (0.41 to 1.49) | 31 (48.4) | 0.92 (0.63 to 1.36) | 17 (26.6) | 1.06 (0.55 to 2.05) |
| Never | 9 (27.3) | 1.04 (0.55 to 1.98) | 2 (6.0) | 0.40 (0.10 to 1.68) | 19 (47.5) | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.40) | 12 (30.0) | 1.20 (0.60 to 2.41) |
| Sex exchange for money and goods (ever) | ||||||||
| No | 53 (22.6) | Reference | 23 (9.8) | Reference | 15 (40.5) | Reference | 5 (13.5) | Reference |
| Yes | 20 (45.4) | 0.49 (0.33 to 0.74)* | 11 (25.0) | 2.54 (1.33 to 4.84)* | 61 (53.0) | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.17) | 36 (31.3) | 2.31 (0.98 to 5.48)* |
| Had sex with female partner in the past 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 47 (29.4) | Reference | 23 (14.3) | Reference | 54 (48.2) | Reference | 24 (21.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 20 (21.0) | 0.72 (0.45 to 1.13) | 6 (6.3) | 0.44 (0.18 to 1.04)* | 18 (60.0) | 1.24 (0.87 to 1.77) | 14 (46.7) | 2.18 (1.29 to 3.67)* |
| Experienced sexual coercion (ever) | ||||||||
| No | 54 (24.1) | Reference | 26 (11.6) | Reference | 53 (49.5) | Reference | 27 (25.2) | Reference |
| Yes | 14 (40.0) | 1.66 (1.04 to 2.65)* | 4 (11.4) | 0.98 (0.36 to 2.65) | 18 (51.4) | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.51) | 10 (28.6) | 1.13 (0.61 to 2.10) |
| Sexual practices (ever)† | ||||||||
| No | 40 (21.4) | Reference | 19 (10.2) | Reference | 29 (48.3) | Reference | 15 (25.0) | Reference |
| Yes | 28 (39.4) | 1.84 (1.24 to 2.75)* | 11 (15.5) | 1.52 (0.76 to 3.04) | 43 (52.4) | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.51) | 23 (28.0) | 1.12 (0.64 to 1.96) |
| Episode of genital/anal ulcer in the last 12 months | ||||||||
| No | 61 (23.6) | Reference | 28 (10.8) | Reference | 73 (50.3) | Reference | 38 (26.2) | Reference |
| Yes | 12 (60.0) | 2.53 (1.67 to 3.86)* | 6 (30.0) | 2.76 (1.30 to 5.89)* | 3 (42.9) | 0.85 (0.35 to 2.03) | 3 (42.9) | 1.63 (0.66 to 4.02) |
| HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative | 63 (24.9) | Reference | 30 (11.9) | Reference | 51 (44.3) | Reference | 30 (26.1) | Reference |
| Positive | 10 (40.0) | 1.61 (0.95 to 2.72)* | 4 (16.0) | 1.35 (0.52 to 3.52) | 25 (67.6) | 1.52 (1.12 to 2.06)* | 11 (29.7) | 1.14 (0.63 to 2.04) |
*p≤0.20.
†Refers to rimming, sadism and/or masochism, water sports, group sex and others.
PR, prevalence ratios.