Description of studies reporting HPV prevalence among men in sub-Saharan Africa
| Authors | Country and year of study | Study design | Study population (symptoms yes/no)* | Study size (N) | Age (years) | Anatomical site | n/N (%) circumcised | n/N (%) HIV-positive | HPV detection method | Prevalence of any HPV n/N (%) | Prevalence of HR HPV n/N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ng'ayo et al19 | Kenya, 2005 | Cross-sectional | Men working in the fishing industry (no symptoms) | 250 | Mean 31.3 (range 18–63) | Glans, corona sulcus, shaft, scrotum and the perianal region | 18/250 (7.2%) | 64/250 (25.6%) | PCR (PGMY09/11) | 144/250 (57.6%) | 106/250 (42.2%) |
| Auvert et al26 | South Africa, 2005–2006 | 21-month follow-up data from RCT | Men recruited from the general population for an RCT of male circumcision (no symptoms) | 1683 | Mean 20.7 (median 21; IQR=19–22) | Urethra | 863/1683 (51.3%) | 33/1683 (2.0%) | PCR (Roche Amplicor HPV test) | 321/1683 (19.1%) | 291/1683 (17.3%) |
| Mbulawa et al13 | South Africa, 2006–2007 | Baseline data from RCT | Heterosexual men recruited for investigations of genital HPV transmission (no symptoms) | 486 | Mean 38 (range 19–67) | Shaft and glans, and the foreskin in uncircumcised men | 451/467 (96.6%) | 161/486 (33.1%) | PCR (Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test) | 273/471 (58.0%) | NA |
| Müller et al20 | South Africa, 2006–2008 | Cross-sectional | Men attending a sexual health clinic (symptoms) | 214 | Mean 29.8 (SD 7.50) | Glans penis, coronal sulcus, penile shaft and, if present, anogenital warts | 54/208 (26.0%) | 104/210 (49.5%) | PCR (Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test) | 166/214 (77.6%) | NA |
| Smith et al12 | Kenya, 2002–2005 | Baseline data from RCT | Men screened to participate in an RCT of male circumcision (no symptoms) | 2705 | Median 20 (range 17–28) | Shaft, glans, coronal sulcus, and inner and external foreskin tissue | 0/2705 (0%) | 0/2705 (0%) | PCR (GP5+/6+) | 1382/2705 (51.1%) | NA |
| Firnhaber et al21 | South Africa, 2007–2008 | Cross-sectional | Men with penile warts attending a public sector antiretroviral treatment clinic (symptoms) | 74 | Mean 36.0 (SD±6.6) | Prepuce, penile shaft and genital wart areas of the penis | 14/65 (21.5%) | 74/74 (100%) | PCR (Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test) | 73/73 (100.0%) | 62/73 (84.9%) |
| Vardas et al25† | South Africa, 2004–2008 | Baseline data from RCT | Heterosexual men participating in an HPV vaccine trial (no symptoms) | 518 | Mean: NA (range 16–24) | Penile, scrotal, and perineal/perianal areas | NA | NA | PCR (Real-time multiplex PCR) | NA | NA |
| Veldhuijzen et al22 | Rwanda, 2007–2009 | Cross-sectional | Men participating in a case–control study assessing risk factors for infertility (no symptoms) | 166 | Median 31 (IQR 27–38) | Shaft, scrotum, glans/sulcus corona, and foreskin in uncircumcised men | 38/166 (22.9) | 13/166 (7.8%) | PCR (Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping test) | NA | 44/166 (26.5%) |
| Olesen et al23 | Tanzania, 2009 | Cross-sectional | Men from the general population (no symptoms) | 1813 | Mean 34.2 (median 30) | Glans, preputial cavity (uncircumcised men), coronal sulcus (circumcised men), shaft, corpus | 1594/1809 (88.1%) | 140/1483 (9.4%) | Non-PCR (Hybrid Capture 2) and PCR (LiPAv2) for genotyping | 372/1813 (20.5%) | 294/1813 (16.2%) |
| Tobian et al24 | Uganda, 2003–2006 | Baseline data from RCT | Men enrolled into two RCTs of male circumcision for HIV and STI prevention (no symptoms) | 1399 | Mean: NA (range 15–49) | Coronal sulcus and glans | 0/1399 (0%) | 421/1399 (30.1%) | PCR (PGMY09/11) | 978/1399 (69.9%) | 690/1399 (49.3%) |
| Vogt et al18 | South Africa, 2011 | Cross-sectional | Heterosexual men attending an HIV testing centre (symptoms) | 34 | Median 33 (IQR 29–37) | Coronal sulcus, glans and shaft | NA | 3/34 (8.8%) | PCR (PGMY09/11) | 20/34 (58.8%) | 10/34 (29.4%) |
*Study populations categorised according to whether they had symptoms indicating HPV infection.
†Contributes with type-specific HPV data only.
HPV, human papillomavirus; HR, high-risk; NA, not available; RCT, randomised controlled trial.