Table 2

Factors associated with PID among chlamydia-tested and chlamydia+gonorrhoea-tested women

 Chlamydia-tested (N=15 690)Chlamydia+gonorrhoea-tested* (N=8839)
UnivariableMultivariable UnivariableMultivariable 
OR95% CIAOR95% CIp ValueOR95% CIAOR95% CIp Value
Age group (years)
 16–291.41.1 to 1.81.31.0 to 1.60.0581.61.3 to 2.11.41.1 to 1.90.006
 30–491.01.0 1.0 1.0
Country of birth
 Australia1.10.9 to 1.3  1.10.9 to 1.4 
 Other1.0  1.0 
Current contraception
 Any hormonal1.00.8 to 1.30.90.7 to 1.10.2101.20.9 to 1.51.00.8 to 1.30.789
 IUD2.61.6 to 4.32.61.6 to 4.2<0.0012.61.6 to 4.42.61.5 to 4.4<0.001
 Other/not reported1.01.0 1.01.0
Chlamydia test results
 Negative1.01.0 NA 
 Positive3.32.6 to 4.13.02.4 to 3.9<0.001NA 
Chlamydia and gonorrhoea test results
 NegativeNA  1.01.0
 Chlamydia positive onlyNA  3.32.5 to 4.23.02.3 to 3.9<0.001
 Gonorrhoea positive onlyNA  4.81.8 to 12.54.41.7 to 11.60.003
 Chlamydia and gonorrhoea positiveNA  7.02.6 to 19.16.22.2 to 17.0<0.001
Male sexual partners, last 3 months†
 None1.0  1.0 
 13.61.9 to 6.8  3.31.7 to 6.2 
 ≥23.92.0 to 7.3  3.61.9 to 6.9 
Condom use with male partners, last 3 months
 No male partners/vaginal sex0.20.1 to 0.40.30.1 to 0.5<0.0010.30.2 to 0.50.30.2 to 0.6<0.001
 Always0.50.4 to 0.70.60.4 to 0.8<0.0010.60.5 to 0.90.70.5 to 1.00.026
 Not always1.01.0 1.01.0
Male sexual partners, last 12 months†
 None1.0  1.0 
 15.11.6 to 16.0  4.31.4 to 13.7
 24.61.5 to 14.6  4.31.4 to 13.8
 ≥35.21.6 to 16.1  4.91.5 to 15.3
Condom use with male partners, last 12 months†
 No male partners/vaginal sex0.30.1 to 0.6  0.30.1 to 0.7 
 Always0.50.4 to 0.7  0.60.5 to 0.9 
 Not always1.0  1.0 

  • *Chlamydia+gonorrhoea-tested group is a subset of the chlamydia-tested group.

  • †Male sexual partners, last 3 and 12 months, and condom use, last 12 months, omitted from final multivariable models due to collinearity.

  • NA, not applicable; PID, pelvic inflammatory disease.