Proportion and determinants of single and consistent testing compared to inconsistent testing among men who have sex with men aged 14–89 years, who tested at STI clinics in the Netherlands between 1 June 2014 and 31 December 2015 using baseline consultations (N=18 634)
| Inconsistent testers | Single testers | Consistent (6-monthly) testers | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | Crude | Adjusted | n | % | Crude | Adjusted | ||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Total | 5450 | 29.2 | 9668 | 51.9 | 3516 | 18.9 | |||||
| Age (years)† | |||||||||||
| 14–26 | 1295 | 27.0 | 2746 | 57.2 | 1 | – | 760 | 15.8 | 1 | – | |
| 27–35 | 1330 | 30.3 | 2249 | 51.3 | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | – | 804 | 18.3 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | – | |
| 36–47 | 1517 | 30.9 | 2335 | 47.6 | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | – | 1053 | 21.5 | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | – | |
| 48+ | 1308 | 28.8 | 2338 | 51.4 | 0.84 (0.77–0.93) | – | 899 | 19.8 | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | – | |
| Reported sexual orientation | |||||||||||
| Homosexual | 4611 | 30.5 | 7410 | 49.0 | 1 | 1 | 3115 | 20.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Bisexual | 839 | 24.0 | 2258 | 64.5 | 1.68 (1.54–1.83) | 1.54** (1.39–1.70) | 401 | 11.5 | 0.71 (0.62–0.80) | 0.67** (0.58–0.78) | |
| Region of STI clinic‡ | |||||||||||
| Limburg | 410 | 34.8 | 544 | 46.2 | 1 | – | 224 | 19.0 | 1 | – | |
| Noord-Holland/Flevoland | 2414 | 30.2 | 3744 | 46.9 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | – | 1830 | 22.9 | 1.39 (1.17–1.65) | – | |
| Noord-Nederland | 194 | 25.7 | 480 | 63.6 | 1.86 (1.51–2.30) | – | 81 | 10.7 | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | – | |
| Oost-Nederland | 981 | 32.8 | 1487 | 49.7 | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | – | 525 | 17.5 | 0.98 (0.81–1.19) | – | |
| Utrecht | 221 | 24.7 | 591 | 66.2 | 2.02 (1.65–2.46) | – | 81 | 9.1 | 0.67 (0.50–0.91) | – | |
| Zeeland/Brabant | 582 | 28.4 | 1132 | 55.3 | 1.47 (1.25–1.73) | – | 334 | 16.3 | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | – | |
| Zuid-Holland Noord | 101 | 12.5 | 526 | 65.0 | 3.93 (3.06–5.03) | – | 182 | 22.5 | 3.30 (2.46–4.42) | – | |
| Zuid-Holland Zuid | 547 | 27.8 | 1164 | 59.1 | 1.60 (1.36–1.89) | – | 259 | 13.1 | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | – | |
| Follow-up time | |||||||||||
| ≤365 days | 796 | 12.1 | 4455 | 67.9 | 1 | 1 | 1314 | 20.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| >365 days | 4654 | 38.6 | 5213 | 43.2 | 0.20 (0.18–0.22) | 0.23** (0.21–0.26) | 2202 | 18.2 | 0.29 (0.26–0.32) | 0.25** (0.22–0.28) | |
| Socio-economic status | |||||||||||
| High | 2054 | 31.6 | 3215 | 49.4 | 1 | 1 | 1236 | 19.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Medium | 1488 | 28.9 | 2680 | 52.0 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 982 | 19.1 | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 0.96 (0.89–1.08) | |
| Low | 1510 | 27.7 | 2882 | 52.9 | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | 0.90* (0.82–0.99) | 1054 | 19.4 | 1.16 (1.04–1.29) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | |
| Missing values | 398 | 26.0 | 891 | 58,1 | 1.43 (1.26–1.63) | 1.31** (1.12–1.51) | 244 | 15.9 | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 0.89 (0.73–1.07) | |
| Education level | |||||||||||
| High | 2192 | 26.0 | 4858 | 57.7 | 1 | 1 | 1372 | 16.3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Low | 1145 | 25.6 | 2517 | 56.2 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 814 | 18.2 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 1.16* (1.02–1.31) | |
| Missing values | 2113 | 36.8 | 2293 | 40.0 | 0.49 (0.45–0.53) | 0.73** (0.88–0.80) | 1330 | 23.2 | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 1.28** (1.15–1.43) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Dutch | 3909 | 29.2 | 7009 | 52.4 | 1 | 1 | 2466 | 18.4 | 1 | 1 | |
| Western non-Dutch | 470 | 29.1 | 852 | 52.8 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 292 | 18.1 | 0.99 (0.84–1.15) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | |
| Non-Western | 1068 | 29.5 | 1794 | 49.6 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.90* (0.82–0.99) | 754 | 20.9 | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | |
| Missing values | 3 | 15.0 | 13 | 65.0 | 4 | 20.0 | |||||
| Number of sex partners in the past six months | |||||||||||
| 0–2 | 959 | 22.5 | 2789 | 65.5 | 1 | 1 | 509 | 12.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 3–4 | 1238 | 27.7 | 2523 | 56.4 | 0.70 (0.63–0.77) | 0.70** (0.62–0.78) | 711 | 15.9 | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | |
| 5–9 | 1437 | 32.5 | 2141 | 48.4 | 0.51 (0.46–0.57) | 0.52** (0.47–0.58) | 848 | 19.2 | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | |
| 10+ | 1640 | 33.1 | 1981 | 40.0 | 0.42 (0.38–0.46) | 0.44** (0.39–0.49) | 1330 | 26.9 | 1.53 (1.34–1.74) | 1.56** (1.36–1.80) | |
| Missing values | 176 | 33.3 | 234 | 44.3 | 118 | 22.4 | |||||
| Condom use at last contact | |||||||||||
| No | 2998 | 28.4 | 5701 | 54.0 | 1 | 1 | 1863 | 17.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 2229 | 31.1 | 3442 | 48.1 | 0.81 (0.76–0.87) | 0.88* (0.81–0.95) | 1485 | 20.8 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | |
| Missing values | 223 | 24.4 | 525 | 57.3 | 168 | 18.3 | |||||
| Received partner notification | |||||||||||
| No | 4277 | 29.6 | 7424 | 51.4 | 1 | 1 | 2741 | 19.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1151 | 28.0 | 2196 | 53.4 | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | 1.14* (1.04–1.25) | 767 | 18.6 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | |
| Missing values | 22 | 28.2 | 48 | 61.5 | 8 | 10.3 | |||||
| Reported STI symptoms | |||||||||||
| No | 3999 | 29.1 | 7068 | 51.5 | 1 | 1 | 2665 | 19.4 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1427 | 29.7 | 2533 | 52.8 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 841 | 17.5 | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) | 0.78** (0.71–0.87) | |
| Missing values | 24 | 23.8 | 67 | 66.3 | 10 | 9.9 | |||||
| Known HIV positive | |||||||||||
| No | 4674 | 28.7 | 8689 | 53.4 | 1 | 1 | 2897 | 17.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 744 | 33.5 | 867 | 39.0 | 0.63 (0.56–0.70) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 610 | 27.5 | 1.32 (1.18–1.49) | 1.26* (1.10–1.43) | |
| Missing values | 32 | 20.9 | 112 | 73.2 | 9 | 5.9 | |||||
| GO/CT/SYPH in the past two years | |||||||||||
| No | 3861 | 27.5 | 7811 | 55.5 | 1 | 1 | 2395 | 17.0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1390 | 38.7 | 1200 | 33.4 | 0.43 (0.39–0.47) | 0.56** (0.51–0.62) | 1005 | 28.0 | 1.17 (1.06–1.28) | 1.31** (1.18–1.45) | |
| Missing values | 199 | 20.5 | 657 | 67.6 | 116 | 11.9 | |||||
| Commercial sex worker‡ | |||||||||||
| No | 5297 | 29.3 | 9364 | 51.9 | 1 | – | 3388 | 18.8 | 1 | – | |
| Yes | 100 | 27.0 | 188 | 50.8 | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | – | 82 | 22.2 | 1.28 (0.95–1.72) | – | |
| Missing values | 53 | 24.6 | 116 | 54.0 | 46 | 21.4 | |||||
| Client of commercial sex worker‡ | |||||||||||
| No | 5281 | 29.6 | 9195 | 51.4 | 1 | – | 3402 | 19.0 | 1 | – | |
| Yes | 112 | 21.0 | 347 | 65.0 | 1.78 (1.43–2.21) | – | 75 | 14.0 | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | – | |
| Missing values | 57 | 25.7 | 126 | 56.7 | 39 | 17.6 | |||||
*p Value <0.05.
**p Value <0.001.
†Excluded from multivariable analysis during backward elimination.
‡Not included in multivariable analysis due to small numbers.
CT, chlamydia; GO, gonorrhoea; SYPH, syphilis.