HSV-2 shedding and modifiers that may influence birth weight in South Africa, 2010 (n=557)*
| Birth outcome | Multivariable adjusted† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Normal birth weight (N=502, 90.1%) | Low birth weight (N=55, 9.9%) | OR (95% CI) for adverse outcome | p Value | OR (95% CI) for adverse outcome | p Value |
| HSV-2 shedding: n (%) | ||||||
| No | 454 (90.6) | 47 (9.4) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 48 (85.7) | 8 (14.3) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.6) | 0.25 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.2) | 0.46 |
| Age group: n (%) | ||||||
| 18–24 | 269 (90.3) | 29 (9.7) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| 25–34 | 196 (89.5) | 23 (10.5) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 0.77 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.1) | 0.87 |
| 35–44 | 37 (92.5) | 3 (7.5) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.6) | 0.65 | 0.8 (0.2 to 3.3) | 0.75 |
| HIV-1: n (%) | ||||||
| No | 328 (91.9) | 29 (8.1) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 174 (87.0) | 26 (13.0) | 1.7 (1 to 3) | 0.07 | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.1) | 0.05 |
| Gravidity: median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.47 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.44 |
| Socioeconomic status: n (%) | ||||||
| Unknown | 13 (92.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 4.1) | 0.53 | 0.6 (0.1 to 5) | 0.63 |
| Low | 168 (87.0) | 25 (13.0) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Medium | 218 (91.2) | 21 (8.8) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.17 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.19 |
| High | 103 (92.8) | 8 (7.2) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.2) | 0.13 | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.09 |
| Neisseria. gonorrhoeae, n (%)‡ | ||||||
| No | 467 (90.2) | 51 (9.8) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 29 (90.6) | 3 (9.4) | 0.9 (0.3 to 3.2) | 0.93 | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.1) | 0.84 |
| Trichomonas vaginalis, n (%)§ | ||||||
| No | 428 (90.7) | 44 (9.3) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 69 (87.3) | 10 (12.7) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.9) | 0.36 | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) | 0.49 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis, n (%)§ | ||||||
| No | 398 (89.6) | 46 (10.4) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Yes | 99 (92.5) | 8 (7.5) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.37 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.4) | 0.27 |
| Treated for STIs | ||||||
| No | 17 (94.5) | 1 (5.5) | 1 (ref.) | |||
| Yes | 106 (93.8) | 7 (6.2) | 0.89 (0.10 to 7.70) | 0.698 | – | – |
| Same day | 72 (94.5) | 5 (6.5) | 1 (ref.) | |||
| Subsequent visit | 34 (94.4) | 2 (5.6) | 0.85 (0.11 to 4.53) | 0.606 | ||
*36 women who were lost to follow-up, 22 women for whom birth weights were not available were excluded from this analysis.
†Adjusted for age, gravidity, socioeconomic status, HIV-1, chlamydia, trichomonas and gonorrhoea.
‡Seven subjects with unknown or missing status.
§Six subjects with unknown or missing results.
HSV-2, herpes simplex virus-2.