Table 1

Characteristics of included studies

AuthorLocationStudy population noSpecimen typeSample sizeStudy populationMedian age (IQR) or age rangePrevalenceBiopsy indication
HR HPV*CIN2+CIN3+
CareHPV studies
Segondy et al 24 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso1Clinician/nurse-collected cervical swab444WLHIV attending HIV treatment centres previously screened for CIN2+36 (31–41)46.5%2.0%0.2%Screen positive for any of: VIA/VILI, cytology >ASCUS, colposcopy abnormal
Johannesburg, South Africa2Clinician/nurse-collected cervical swab49934 (30–40)43.8%10.2%2.8%
Tuerxun et al 26 China—Xinjiang3Clinician/nurse-collected cervical swab212Women screening positive for either VIA/VILI or cervical cytology (ASCUS+) at the outpatient department of the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityNR35.4%28.3%18.4%Colposcopy was performed to determine positive results from VIA/VILI or cytology (ASCUS+), and direct biopsy or four-quadrant biopsies were taken. Histology read by two histopathologists
Bansil et al 27 Uganda—Kampala and Wakiso District4Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab272
946		WLHIV invited for cervical cancer screening
HIV-negative women invited for cervical cancer screening		NR
NR		44.9%
20.2%		12.9%
1.7%		NR
NR		Women who screened negative advised to return for screening in 3 years; women who screened positive on any of careHPV, VIA or cytology were referred to colposcopy and directed biopsy
Jeronimo et al 23 India—Uttar Pradesh5Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab4658Women invited for cervical cancer screening by HCW through a door-to-door survey38 (30–46)2.9%0.7%0.3%Screen positive for any of: VIA, cervical cytology, careHPV
India—Hyderabad6Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab4502Women invited for cervical cancer screening36 (30–42)6.3%1.7%1.1%
Nicaragua7Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab4645Women invited for cervical cancer screening38 (32–44)12.6%2.0%1.4%
Uganda8Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab3146Women invited for cervical cancer screening37 (29–45)20.2%2.8%0.8%
Zhao et al 22 China9Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab7421Previously unscreened women from three communes
(Yangcheng, Xinmi and Tonggu) invited for screening		25–60 years14.4%1.9%1.3%Screen positive for any of: VIA, OncoE6, HCII and careHPV
Gage et al 21 Irun, Nigeria10Cervical swab (Digene cervical brush)382Women referred to colposcopy based on abnormal VIA/LBC or HPV PCR and a random selection of screen negative controls18–85 years25.1%3.9%NRScreen positive for any of: VIA, LBC HPV PCR and random selection of screen negative controls
Qiao et al 20 Shanxi, China11Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab2530Women; non-pregnant, no history of CIN, pelvic radiation or hysterectomy43 (37–49)18.0%2.9%1.0%Screen positive for any of: LBC, HCII, careHPV
OncoE6 studies
Chibwesha et al 25 Lusaka, Zamstics of the included publications are summabia12Clinician-collected cervical199WLHIV aged ≥18 years invited for screening≥18 years47%† 16.0%10.0%Screen positive for any of: VIA, digital cervicography, Xpert HPV and OncoE6
Zhao et al 22 China9Clinician-collected cervical + self-collected vaginal swab7421Previously unscreened women from three communes
(Yangcheng, Xinmi and Tonggu) invited for screening		25–60 years1.8%1.9%1.3%Screen positive for any of: VIA, OncoE6, HCII and careHPV

  • ASCUS, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HCII, Hybrid Capture II; HCW, healthcare workers; HPV, human papillomavirus; HR HPV, high-risk HPV; LBC, liquid-based cytology; NR, not reported;  VIA, visual inspection using acetic acid; VILI, visual inspection using Lugol’s iodine; WLHIV, women living with HIV.

  • † HR-HPV measured using  Gene Xpert test (5.6% according to OncoE6),

  • *HR-HPV prevalence presented was determined using clinician-collected cervical swab