Factors independently associated with any HPV genotype infection (n=1174)
| Variable | n | Adjusted prevalence ratio* (95% CI) | P value |
| Age category | |||
| 18–24 | 73 | 1.00 | |
| 25–30 | 237 | 0.60 (0.26 to 1.37) | 0.223 |
| 31–40 | 369 | 0.70 (0.33 to 1.49) | 0.357 |
| 41–50 | 294 | 0.47 (0.19 to 1.13) | 0.090 |
| 51–60 | 201 | 0.51 (0.21 to 1.23) | 0.132 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay | 590 | 1.00 | |
| Chinese | 269 | 1.25 (0.62 to 2.55) | 0.535 |
| Indian | 291 | 2.16 (1.12 to 4.17) | 0.021† |
| Others | 24 | 1.24 (0.31 to 4.95) | 0.759 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1040 | 1.00 | |
| Single/not married | 48 | 0.70 (0.24 to 2.01) | 0.493 |
| Divorced | 41 | 1.55 (0.56 to 4.31) | 0.403 |
| Widowed | 45 | 2.48 (1.04 to 5.90) | 0.047† |
| Pap smear history | |||
| No | 404 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 762 | 0.67 (0.43 to 1.05) | 0.080 |
| Don’t know | 8 | 1.03 (0.14 to 7.79) | 0.974 |
| Partner’s circumcision status | |||
| No | 373 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 632 | 1.06 (0.55 to 2.04) | 0.862 |
| Don’t know/decline to answer | 20 | 0.63 (0.13 to 3.17) | 0.573 |
| Partner’s behaviours | |||
| Stays at home and no other partner | 766 | 1.00 | |
| Stays at home but have other partner | 107 | 2.25 (1.19 to 4.25) | 0.013† |
| Stays away but no partner | 101 | 2.45 (1.28 to 4.70) | <0.007† |
| Stays away and has other partner | 51 | 3.19 (1.50 to 6.80) | <0.003† |
| No current partner | 149 | 1.99 (0.90 to 4.40) | 0.089 |
*P value <0.05 is considered statistically significant and is marked in bold font.
†Derived using a multivariable Poisson regression model including age, ethnicity, marital status, Pap smear history, partner’s circumcision status and partner’s behaviour as covariates.
HPV, human papillomavirus.