Table 2

Correlates of stillbirth among HIV-uninfected mothers

	N	N (%)		Univariate		Multivariate*
	N	Live birth (n=1202)	Stillbirth (n=19)	OR (95% CI)	P values	aOR (95% CI)	P values
Maternal demographics
Age <20 years	1221	336 (28%)	8 (42%)	1.87 (0.75 to 4.70)	0.180
Education≤8 years	1221	768 (64%)	13 (68%)	1.22 (0.46 to 3.25)	0.684
Unmarried	1221	257 (21%)	5 (26%)	1.31 (0.47 to 3.68)	0.604
Crowded living conditions†	1220	221 (18%)	3 (16%)	0.83 (0.24 to 2.88)	0.771
Travel time to clinic >1 hour	1010	12 (1%)	4 (2%)	1.30 (0.41 to 4.07)	0.654
Perinatal characteristics
Primigravida	1221	549 (46%)	14 (74%)	3.33 (1.19 to 9.31)	0.022	3.39 (1.21 to 13.31)	0.021
Birth interval <2 years‡	816	154 (19%)	3 (33%)	2.12 (0.52 to 8.57)	0.292
Preterm birth	1171	279 (24%)	7 (44%)	2.44 (0.90 to 6.62)	0.079	2.41 (0.84 to 6.92)	0.103
Malaria diagnosis during pregnancy§	1221	90 (7%)	2 (11%)	1.45 (0.33 to 6.39)	0.621
Genital infections at enrolment
Any genital infection¶	1089	592 (55%)	12 (71%)	1.95 (0.68 to 5.56)	0.214
Chlamydia trachomatis	1218	63 (5%)	2 (11%)	2.26 (0.51 to 10.03)	0.285
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	1218	28 (2%)	1 (6%)	2.46 (0.32 to 19.15)	0.389
Trichomonas vaginalis	1220	78 (6%)	1 (6%)	0.85 (0.11 to 6.46)	0.873
Syphilis	962	10 (1%)	0 (0%)	–
Bacterial vaginosis	1213	266 (22%)	5 (28%)	1.34 (0.47 to 3.80)	0.578
Vaginal yeast	1220	297 (25%)	5 (28%)	1.17 (0.41 to 3.32)	0.765
Genital ulcers	1219	15 (1%)	2 (11%)	9.88 (2.09 to 46.83)	0.004	9.19 (1.91 to 44.35)	0.006

*Logistic regression p value adjusted for maternal age, maternal education and study site.
†Defined as ≥3 people per room.
‡Among women who had previous pregnancies.
§Malaria diagnosis at any time during pregnancy.
¶Genital infections include C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. vaginalis, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal yeast and genital ulcers.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio.