Demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and association with depression and anxiety symptoms in women and heterosexual men
| Depression symptoms: PHQ9 ≥10 | Anxiety symptoms: GAD7 ≥10 | |||
| n/N (%) | aPR* | n/N (%) | aPR* | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 33/470 (7.0) | 1 | 21/470 (4.5) | 1 |
| Female | 100/676 (14.8) | 2.08 (1.40–3.08) | 79/676 (11.7) | 2.82 (1.74–4.57) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <25 | 54/376 (14.4) | 1 | 38/376 (10.1) | 1 |
| 25–29 | 32/292 (11.0) | 1.07 (0.69–1.58) | 24/292 (8.2) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) |
| 30–39 | 30/300 (10.0) | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 23/300 (7.7) | 0.90 (0.54–1.49) |
| 40+ | 16/154 (10.4) | 0.94 (0.55–1.61) | 14/154 (9.1) | 1.18 (0.67–2.08) |
| P value | 0.28† | 0.77 | 0.70 | 0.74 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 26/309 (8.4) | 1 | 21/309 (6.8) | 1 |
| Black African | 65/550 (11.8) | 1.39 (0.88–2.22) | 47/550 (8.5) | 1.11 (0.65–1.88) |
| Black Caribbean | 23/168 (13.7) | 1.36 (0.80–2.31) | 18/168 (10.7) | 1.24 (0.68–2.28) |
| Other ethnicities | 17/105 (16.2) | 1.81 (1.00–3.28) | 12/105 (11.4) | 1.53 (0.76–3.09) |
| P value | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.67 |
| Study region | ||||
| London | 76/761 (10.0) | 1 | 59/761 (7.8) | 1 |
| Not London | 57/385 (14.8) | 1.36 (0.97–1.90) | 41/385 (10.6) | 1.28 (0.85–1.91) |
| P value | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.24 |
| UK born | ||||
| UK born | 65/506 (12.8) | 1 | 49/506 (9.7) | 1 |
| Non-UK born | 67/610 (11.0) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 49/610 (8.0) | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) |
| P value | 0.24 | 0.3 | 0.33 | 0.41 |
| Relationship status | ||||
| In a relationship | 75/768 (9.8) | 1 | 64/768 (8.3) | 1 |
| Not in a relationship | 58/378 (15.3) | 1.73 (1.25–2.39) | 36/378 (9.5) | 1.27 (0.85–1.89) |
| P value | <0.01 | 0.001 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
| Work status | ||||
| Employed | 68/697 (9.8) | 1 | 53/697 (7.6) | 1 |
| Student | 36/261 (13.8) | 1.12 (0.71–1.76) | 22/261 (8.4) | 0.90 (0.51–1.56) |
| Unemployed/other§ | 27/163 (16.6) | 1.45 (0.95–2.21) | 23/163 (14.1) | 1.52 (0.95–2.45) |
| P value | 0.02† | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
| Education | ||||
| University degree | 66/654 (10.1) | 1 | 46/654 (7.0) | 1 |
| Below university | 67/491 (13.6) | 1.28 (0.93–1.78) | 54/491 (11.0) | 1.47 (1.01–2.14) |
| P value | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Housing | ||||
| Home owner | 11/155 (7.1) | 1 | 10/155 (6.5) | 1 |
| Rented | 79/682 (11.6) | 1.57 (0.85–2.91) | 59/682 (8.7) | 1.29 (0.67–2.50) |
| Unstable | 41/292 (14.0) | 1.66 (0.86–3.26) | 28/292 (9.6) | 1.33 (0.63–2.78) |
| P value | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.53 | 0.73 |
| Reports sufficient money for basic needs | ||||
| All the time | 43/593 (7.3) | 1 | 37/593 (6.2) | 1 |
| Most of the time | 39/313 (12.5) | 1.50 (0.97–2.32) | 22/313 (7.0) | 0.92 (0.53-1/59) |
| Some of the time | 27/149 (18.1) | 2.22 (1.39–3.53) | 19/149 (12.8) | 1.69 (0.97–2.94) |
| No | 21/77 (27.3) | 3.79 (2.36–6.08) | 19/77 (24.7) | 3.65 (2.13–6.25) |
| P value | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Recent recreational drug use‡ | ||||
| No | 98/896 (10.9) | 1 | 76/895 (8.5) | 1 |
| Yes | 35/250 (14.0) | 1.47 (1.02–2.13) | 24/250 (9.6) | 1.32 (0.83–2.09) |
| P value | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.24 |
| Alcohol—AUDIT-C ≥6 | ||||
| No | 117/1051 (11.1) | 1 | 94/1051 (8.9) | 1 |
| Yes | 16/95 (16.8) | 1.95 (1.20–3.16) | 6/95 (6.3) | 0.89 (0.34–2.05) |
| P value | 0.1 | <0.01 | 0.39 | 0.79 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smoker | 68/664 (10.2) | 1 | 55/664 (8.3) | 1 |
| Ex-smoker | 20/212 (9.4) | 1.06 (0.66–1.70) | 11/212 (5.2) | 0.71 (0.38–1.33) |
| Current smoker | 45/248 (18.1) | 1.92 (1.32–2.79) | 32/248 (12.9) | 1.59 (1.01–2.46) |
| P value | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
*Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education and study region.
†Test for linear trend.
‡Within the last 3 months.
§Other includes unable to work due to long-term health condition, carers and retired.
AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption; GAD, General Anxiety Disorder; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio.