Table 1

Characteristics of included studies

Author, publication year	Country	Study design	Diagnostics used for rectal specimens	Study population and setting	Age range (years)	Data collection	Chlamydia		Gonorrhoea
Author, publication year	Country	Study design	Diagnostics used for rectal specimens	Study population and setting	Age range (years)	Data collection	Women tested (n)	Rectal positivity, n (%)	Women tested (n)	Rectal positivity, n (%)
Barry et al, 201019	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAA	Women receiving pelvic exam, STI clinic.	15–65	March 2007–August 2008	1308	62 (4.7)	1308	22 (1.7)
Bazan et al , 201520	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women who reported any anal intercourse in the previous 12 months, STI clinic.	16–66	August 2012–June 2013	341	46 (13.5)	341	22 (6.5)
Cosentino et al , 201215	USA	Cross-sectional	CT: NAAT NG: NAAT, culture	Women reporting lifetime history of anal intercourse, PHC and STI clinic.	18–64	May 2009–March 2010	272	21 (7.7)	272	7 (2.6)
Danby et al , 2016²¹	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting lifetime history of anal intercourse, STI clinic.	18–49	March 2014–March 2015	175	20 (11.4)	175	4 (2.3)
Dukers-Muijrers et al , 2015³⁰	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women screening at STI clinic.	20–30	August 2010–October 2013	2092	136 (6.5)	2143	15 (0.7)
Garner et al , 2015³⁵	UK	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting history of anal intercourse, sexual health centre.	16–66	March 2010–May 2010	91	6 (6.6)	91	1 (1.1)
Hunte et al , 2010²²	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting anal intercourse, STI clinic.	17–46	May 2007–August 2008	97	17 (17.5)	97	13 (13.4)
Javanbakht et al , 2012²³	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting anal intercourse in the previous 90 days, STI clinic.	14–45+ (upper range NR)	January 2008–December 2010	1203	171 (14.2)	1203	60 (5.0)
Koedijk et al , 2012¹³	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT: NAAT NG: NAAT, culture	Women attending STI clinics.	<25–35+	2006–2010 (months NR)	18 238	1695 (9.3)	37 168	442 (1.2)
Llata et al , 2018²⁴	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Surveillance data of women reporting anal intercourse previous 3 months.	<24–35+	January 2015–December 2016	2878	231 (8.0)	2878	97 (3.4)
Mayer et al , 2012²⁵	USA	Prospective cohort	CT/NG: NAAT	HIV-positive population attending HIV specialty clinics.	21–69	March 2001–June 2006	119	2 (1.7)	119	1 (0.8)
Nelson et al , 2007³⁸	Peru	Case–control study	CT/NG: NAAT	Heterosexual couples, STI clinic.	18–55	February 2001–March 2003	195	6 (3.1)	195	2 (1.0)
Peters et al , 2011³¹	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting anal intercourse, STI clinic.	13–72	January 2007–July 2008	876	76 (8.7)	876	13 (1.5)
Peters et al , 2014³⁹	South Africa	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women who report to have been sexually active during the last 6 months, PHC.	18–49	November 2011–February 2012	603	43 (7.1)	603	15 (2.5)
Rodriguez-Hart et al , 2012²⁶	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Adult film industry performers, PHC.	18–42	May 2010–September 2010	112	4 (3.6)	112	19 (17.0)
Sethupathi et al , 2010¹⁶	UK	Cross-sectional	CT: NAAT NG: culture	High-risk women, GUM.	15–62	September 2006–August 2008	160	20 (12.5)	160	7 (4.4)
Shaw et al , 2013³⁶	UK	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting anal intercourse, GUM.	IQR 21–31	5-month period, ending no later than April 2013	312	22 (7.1)	312	2 (0.6)
Stephens et al , 2014²⁷	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Patients seeking care at an STI clinic.	<25–55+	August 2011–December 2012	24	0 (0)	25	0 (0)
Tao et al , 2018²⁸	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Laboratory surveillance data for all women tested for CT or NG.	15–60	November 2012–September 2015	5499	484 (8.8)	5499	154 (2.8)
Travassos et al , 2016³⁷	Brazil	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	HIV-positive patients, STI reference centre.	Mean 37.7	June 2013–June 2015	305	16 (5.2)	305	2 (0.7)
Trebach et al, 2015²⁹	USA	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting extragenital exposures in the last 3 months, STD clinic.	<18–30+	June 201–May 2013	602	52 (8.6)	611	18 (3.0)
van der Helm et al , 2009³⁴	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women reporting anal intercourse in the past 6 months, STI clinic.	IQR 22–31	2006–2007	901	85 (9.4)	697	13 (1.9)
van Liere et al , 2014³²	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Female sex workers, swingers, STI clinic.	Mean 43 (IQR 36–49)	January 2010–November 2012	1321	63 (4.8)	1321	12 (0.9)
van Liere et al , 2017³³	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	Women attending STI clinics.	IQR 21–28 <21–26+	January 2015—December 2015	950	127 (13.4)	950	12 (1.3)
van Rooijen et al , 2015¹⁴	The Netherlands	Cross-sectional	CT/NG: NAAT	High-risk women reporting anal intercourse in the past 6 months, STI clinic.	IQR 31–47	January 2011–July 2012	1656	154 (9.3)	6858	57 (0.7)

CT, Chlamydia trachomatis; GUM, genitourinary medicine; n, number of cases/women;NAAT, nucleic acid amplification test; NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; NR, not reported;PHC, primary healthcare.