Demographic characteristics and sexual behaviours among men who have sex with men (n=253) and factors associated with anal HPV detection (n=252)
| Participant characteristic/ risk factors | Penile | Anal | Anal HPV of any type (n=252) | |
| % (no. with HPV/ no. men) or Mean (SD) | % (no. with HPV/ no. men) or Mean (SD) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Demographic | ||||
| Age at recruitment (years) | ||||
| 20–24 | 14.5 (11/76) | 34.2 (26/76) | 1 | |
| 25–29 | 8.1 (7/86) | 27.9 (24/86) | 0.74 (0.38 to 1.45) | |
| 30–34 | 10.3 (6/58) | 24.1 (14/58) | 0.61 (0.28 to 1.32) | |
| 35–44 | 17.9 (5/28) | 32.1 (9/28) | 0.91 (0.36 to 2.29) | |
| 45+ (max 50) | 0.0 (0/5) | 20.0 (1/5) | 0.48 (0.05 to 4.52) | |
| Education level | ||||
| High school graduate or below | 7.7 (2/26) | 19.2 (5/26) | 1 | |
| University graduate or above | 11.9 (27/227) | 30.4 (69/227) | 0.91 (0.56 to 1.49) | |
| Circumcised | ||||
| Yes | 10.8 (7/65) | 27.7 (18/65) | 1.11 (0.59 to 2.07) | |
| Smoke status | ||||
| Non-current smoker | 11.9 (26/219) | 28.8 (63/219) | 1 | |
| Light smoker (<6 cigarettes per day) | 10.5 (2/19) | 36.8 (7/19) | 1.44 (0.54 to 3.84) | |
| Heavy smoker (≥6 cigarettes per day) | 6.7 (1/15) | 26.7 (4/15) | 0.90 (0.28 to 2.93) | |
| Recreational drug use in the past year | ||||
| Yes | 10.0 (3/30) | 43.3 (13/30) | 2.03 (0.93 to 4.43) | |
| Sex with males | ||||
| No. of insertive anal sex partner in the past year†‡ | ||||
| 0–2 | 8.9 (14/157) | 28.7 (45/157) | 1 | |
| ≥3 | 18.2 (8/44) | 31.8 (14/44) | 1.16 (0.56 to 2.39) | |
| Missing | 13.5 (7/52) | 28.9 (15/52) | 1.01 (0.50 to 2.02) | |
| No. of receptive anal sex partner in the past yearठ| ||||
| 0–2 | 11.3 (18/159) | 22.0 (35/159) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥3 | 10.6 (5/47) | 46.8 (22/47) | 3.12 (1.57 to 6.18)* | 2.92 (1.29 to 6.61)* |
| Missing | 12.8 (6/47) | 36.2 (17/47) | 2.01 (0.99 to 4.06) | 2.04 (0.98 to 4.24) |
| Time since first insertive/receptive anal sex | ||||
| Less than 5 years | 9.3 (7/75) | 29.3 (22/75) | 1 | |
| 6–10 years | 15.5 (13/84) | 26.2 (22/84) | 0.85 (0.43 to 1.71) | |
| 10 years+ | 8.2 (5/61) | 31.2 (19/61) | 1.09 (0.52 to 2.27) | |
| Condom use frequency with insertive anal sex partners in the past year† | ||||
| No insertive anal sex | 4.9 (3/61) | 26.2 (16/61) | 1.23 (0.55 to 2.77) | |
| Not always | 14.4 (18/125) | 34.4 (43/125) | 1.82 (0.92 to 3.60) | |
| Always | 11.9 (8/67) | 22.4 (15/67) | 1 | |
| Condom use frequency with receptive anal sex partners in the past year§ | ||||
| No receptive anal sex | 16.9 (12/71) | 21.1 (15/71) | 0.71 (0.33 to 1.53) | |
| Not always | 9.2 (10/109) | 35.8 (39/109) | 1.48 (0.77 to 2.82) | |
| Always | 9.6 (7/73) | 27.4 (20/73) | 1 | |
| Insertive anal sex with HIV positive partners in the past year† | 25.0 (2/8) | 62.5 (5/8) | 4.25 (0.99 to 18.27) | |
| Receptive anal sex with HIV positive partners in the past year§ | 0.0 (0/5) | 60.0 (3/5) | 3.74 (0.61 to 22.86) | |
| Age of the majority of sexual partners in the past year | ||||
| Insertive anal sex partners†‡ | ||||
| Partner is older | 26.1 (6/23) | 47.8 (11/23) | 2.52 (0.98 to 6.47) | |
| Partner is younger | 16.2 (6/37) | 29.7 (11/37) | 1.16 (0.50 to 2.71) | |
| Around same age | 10.0 (9/90) | 26.7 (24/90) | 1 | |
| Missing | 7.8 (8/103) | 27.2 (28/103) | 1.03 (0.54 to 1.94) | |
| Receptive anal sex partnersठ| ||||
| Partner is older | 9.8 (4/41) | 46.3 (19/41) | 2.59 (1.16 to 5.79)* | 2.51 (1.07 to 5.90)* |
| Partner is younger | 7.4 (2/27) | 33.3 (9/27) | 1.50 (0.58 to 3.89) | 1.65 (0.59 to 4.63) |
| Around same age | 9.2 (7/76) | 25.0 (19/76) | 1 | 1 |
| Missing | 14.7 (16/109) | 24.8 (27/109) | 0.99 (0.50 to 1.94) | 1.33 (0.6 to 2.96) |
| HIV testing in lifetime | ||||
| Yes | 12.4 (28/226) | 31.0 (70/226) | 2.58 (0.86 to 7.74) | |
| Sex under influence in the past year | ||||
| Alcohol | ||||
| Never | 10.1 (20/198) | 28.3 (56/198) | 1 | |
| Seldom | 17.0 (8/47) | 29.8 (14/47) | 1.08 (0.54 to 2.16) | |
| More than seldom | 12.5 (1/8) | 50.0 (4/8) | 2.54 (0.61 to 10.49) | |
| Recreational drug | ||||
| Never | 11.6 (26/224) | 28.1 (63/224) | 1 | 1 |
| Seldom | 0.0 (0/15) | 20.0 (3/15) | 0.64 (0.17 to 2.34) | 0.48 (0.12 to 1.93) |
| More than seldom | 21.4 (3/14) | 57.1 (8/14) | 3.41 (1.14 to 10.21)* | 2.61 (0.79 to 8.56) |
| Sex with females in lifetime | ||||
| Yes | 5.9 (2/34) | 26.5 (9/34) | 0.85 (0.38 to 1.93) | |
| HIV/STI history | ||||
| HIV | 0.0 (0/10) | 60.0 (6/10) | 3.86 (1.06 to 14.10)* | 2.12 (0.49 to 9.11) |
| Sexually transmitted infection other than HIV | 13.6 (8/59) | 42.4 (25/59) | 2.18 (1.18 to 4.05)* | 1.74 (0.89 to 3.41) |
*P<0.05.
†Participant’s penis in partner’s anus.
‡Removed missingness for the denominators.
§Partner’s penis in participant’s anus.
HPV, human papillomavirus.