Characteristic | Total n=535 N (%) | Positive * n=358 % | Negative n=177 % | RR (95% CI) |
Demographic | ||||
Age | ||||
<25 years | 350 (65.4) | 65.9 | 64.4 | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.16) |
≥25 years | 185 (34.6) | 34.1 | 35.6 | Ref. |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
African-American | 374 (69.9) | 77.1 | 55.4 | 1.45 (1.23 to 1.71)† |
Caucasian/Hispanic/Other | 161 (30.1) | 22.9 | 44.6 | Ref. |
Marital status | ||||
Unmarried | 439 (88.2) | 91.6 | 81.3 | 1.46 (1.11 to 1.92)† |
Married | 59 (11.8) | 8.4 | 18.7 | Ref. |
Education | ||||
<High school | 205 (38.3) | 43.3 | 28.2 | 1.23 (1.09 to 1.38)† |
≥High school | 330 (61.7) | 56.7 | 71.8 | Ref. |
Sexual health | ||||
Sexually active in past 4 weeks | ||||
Yes | 449 (83.9) | 83.2 | 85.3 | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) |
No | 86 (16.1) | 16.8 | 14.7 | Ref. |
≥2 Life time sexual partners | ||||
Yes | 45 (8.4) | 8.7 | 7.9 | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.27) |
No | 490 (91.6) | 91.3 | 92.1 | Ref. |
New sexual partner in last month | ||||
Yes | 57 (10.7) | 12.3 | 7.3 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.37)† |
No | 478 (89.3) | 87.7 | 92.7 | Ref. |
History of STI ‡ | ||||
Yes | 318 (60.5) | 60.1 | 61.1 | 0.99 (0.87 to 1.11) |
No | 208 (39.5) | 39.9 | 38.9 | Ref. |
History of BV | ||||
Yes | 125 (24.0) | 24.4 | 23.1 | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.18) |
No | 396 (76.0) | 75.6 | 76.9 | Ref. |
History of PID | ||||
Yes | 163 (30.7) | 30.4 | 31.4 | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) |
No | 367 (69.3) | 69.6 | 68.6 | Ref. |
Recent hormonal contraception use | ||||
Yes | 98 (21.8) | 20.5 | 24.5 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.09) |
No | 351 (78.2) | 79.5 | 75.5 | Ref. |
Rare/occasional condom use§ | ||||
Yes | 318 (70.8) | 71.5 | 69.5 | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.20) |
No | 131 (29.2) | 28.5 | 30.5 | Ref. |
Consistent condom use ¶ | ||||
Yes | 58 (12.9) | 12.4 | 13.9 | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.17) |
No | 391 (87.1) | 87.6 | 86.1 | Ref. |
History of oral sex | ||||
Yes | 121 (24.2) | 21.9 | 28.6 | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03) |
No | 380 (75.8) | 78.1 | 71.4 | Ref. |
History of anal sex | ||||
Yes | 18 (3.4) | 4.2 | 1.7 | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.56)† |
No | 517 (96.6) | 95.8 | 98.3 | Ref. |
Age at sexual debut | ||||
≤15 years | 277 (52.0) | 53.1 | 49.7 | Ref. |
>15 years | 256 (48.0) | 46.9 | 50.3 | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) |
Risky sexual behaviour** | ||||
Yes | 404 (90.0) | 90.6 | 88.7 | 1.07 (0.85 to 1.36) |
No | 45 (10.0) | 9.4 | 11.3 | Ref. |
Behavioural | ||||
Vaginal douche ≥2 times in past month | ||||
Yes | 100 (18.8) | 21.9 | 12.4 | 1.21 (1.07 to 1.38)† |
No | 433 (81.2) | 78.1 | 87.6 | Ref. |
Illicit drug use | ||||
Yes | 143 (26.9 | 28.2 | 24.3 | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.21) |
No | 389 (73.1) | 71.8 | 75.7 | Ref. |
Current tobacco smoker | ||||
Yes | 228 (42.8) | 45.2 | 37.8 | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.24) |
No | 305 (57.2) | 54.8 | 62.2 | Ref. |
Alcohol use | ||||
Yes | 290 (54.4) | 52.5 | 58.2 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.04) |
No | 243 (45.6) | 47.5 | 41.8 | Ref. |
Alcohol drinks per week | ||||
>7 drinks | 59 (11.1) | 12.9 | 7.3 | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.39)† |
≤7 drinks | 474 (88.9) | 87.1 | 92.7 | Ref. |
Risky social behaviour†† | ||||
Yes | 270 (50.7) | 52.8 | 46.3 | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.23) |
No | 263 (49.3) | 47.2 | 53.7 | Ref. |
Missing observations: marital status, n=37; history of STI, n=9; history of BV, n=14; history of PID, n=5; hormonal contraception use, n=86; condom use, n=86; oral sex, n=34; age at sexual debut, n=2; risky sexual behaviour, n=86; vaginal douching, n=2; drug use, n=3; smoking, n=2, alcohol use, n=2; risky social behaviour, n=2.
*Tested positive for Atopobium vaginae, BVAB1, Sneathia amnionii, or Sneathia sanguinegens.
†P value<0.05.
‡History of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, or Trichonomas vaginalis.
§Condoms used 0 to 5 out of 10 sexual encounters.
¶Condoms used 10 out of 10 sexual encounters.
**≥2 sexual partners, new sexual partner in the last month, inconsistent condom use.
††Current tobacco smoker, >7 alcohol drinks per week, illicit drug use.
BV, bacterial vaginosis; PEACH, PID Evaluation and Clinical Health; PID, pelvic inflammatory disease; STI, sexually transmitted infection.