Baseline associations between cytokine concentrations and HSV-1 DNA detection
| Cytokine | Univariable β (95% CI) | P value | Multivariable β (95% CI) | P value |
| IL-1α | −0.03 (−0.44 to 0.38) | 0.885 | −0.01 (−0.41 to 0.38) | 0.954 |
| IL-1β | −0.70 (−1.22 to −0.18) | 0.008 | −0.66 (−1.16 to −0.16) | 0.009 |
| IL-6 | −0.36 (−0.69 to −0.03) | 0.033 | −0.34 (−0.67 to −0.01) | 0.040 |
| IL-12p40 | −0.18 (−0.86 to 0.51) | 0.615 | −0.21 (−0.89 to 0.48) | 0.548 |
| IL-12p70 | −0.13 (−0.65 to 0.39) | 0.615 | −0.14 (−0.66 to 0.38) | 0.595 |
| IL-18 | −0.05 (−0.51 to 0.41) | 0.835 | −0.01 (−0.45 to 0.44) | 0.973 |
| MIF | 0.02 (−0.41 to 0.45) | 0.935 | 0.07 (−0.35 to 0.48) | 0.752 |
| TNF-α | −0.38 (−0.69 to −0.08) | 0.013 | −0.37 (−0.66 to −0.07) | 0.016 |
| TNF-β | 0.18 (0.30 to 0.65) | 0.463 | 0.18 (−0.29 to 0.64) | 0.462 |
| TRAIL | −0.20 (−0.89 to 0.49) | 0.562 | −0.16 (−0.82 to 0.50) | 0.628 |
| CTACK | 0.29 (−0.31 to 0.89) | 0.343 | 0.25 (−0.34 to 0.84) | 0.407 |
| EOTAXIN | −0.65 (−1.31 to 0.01) | 0.054 | −0.63 (−1.29 to 0.03) | 0.060 |
| GRO-α | 0.01 (−0.61 to 0.62) | 0.985 | 0.01 (−0.59 to 0.61) | 0.973 |
| IL-8 | −0.19 (−0.64 to 0.27) | 0.415 | −0.16 (−0.61 to 0.28) | 0.474 |
| IL-16 | −0.20 (−0.86 to 0.47) | 0.559 | −0.19 (−0.85 to 0.48) | 0.582 |
| IP-10 | −0.29 (−0.92 to 0.33) | 0.358 | −0.31 (−0.91 to 0.29) | 0.319 |
| MCP-1 | −0.01 (−0.46 to 0.44) | 0.961 | −0.041 (−0.49 to 0.41) | 0.858 |
| MCP-3 | −0.03 (−0.78 to 0.71) | 0.929 | −0.02 (−0.77 to 0.72) | 0.953 |
| MIG | −0.20 (−0.61 to 0.21) | 0.332 | −0.20 (−0.61 to 0.21) | 0.337 |
| MIP-1α* | −0.97 (−1.49 to −0.44) | <0.001 | −0.92 (−1.43 to −0.42) | <0.001 |
| MIP-1β | −0.68 (−1.22 to −0.14) | 0.013 | −0.64 (−1.17 to −0.11) | 0.018 |
| RANTES | −0.56 (−1.21 to 0.09) | 0.090 | −0.55 (−1.19 to 0.09) | 0.093 |
| IFN-α2 | 0.28 (−0.32 to 0.88) | 0.352 | 0.29 (−0.31 to 0.89) | 0.336 |
| SDF-1α | 0.05 (−0.21 to 0.30) | 0.717 | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.29) | 0.749 |
| β-NGF | 0.29 (−0.40 to 0.97) | 0.416 | 0.29 (−0.40 to 0.98) | 0.416 |
| FGF BASIC | −0.26 (−0.83 to 0.32) | 0.380 | −0.29 (−0.86 to 0.28) | 0.315 |
| G-CSF | −0.55 (−1.01 to −0.08) | 0.021 | −0.54 (−1.01 to −0.08) | 0.022 |
| GM-CSF | 0.07 (−0.41 to 0.54) | 0.784 | 0.02 (−0.45 to 0.48) | 0.937 |
| HGF | −0.21 (−0.69 to 0.27) | 0.389 | −0.18 (−0.66 to 0.29) | 0.448 |
| IL-3 | 0.04 (−0.53 to 0.62) | 0.883 | 0.05 (−0.52 to 0.62) | 0.868 |
| IL-7 | −0.51 (−0.92 to −0.09) | 0.017 | −0.49 (−0.9 to −0.08) | 0.020 |
| IL-9 | −0.26 (−0.64 to 0.12) | 0.178 | −0.25 (−0.62 to 0.12) | 0.181 |
| LIF | −0.09 (−0.49 to 0.31) | 0.662 | −0.07 (−0.45 to 0.32) | 0.736 |
| M-CSF | −0.13 (−0.48 to 0.22) | 0.456 | −0.12 (−0.47 to 0.23) | 0.497 |
| PDGF-ββ | −0.81 (−1.37 to −0.24) | 0.005 | −0.79 (−1.35 to −0.23) | 0.006 |
| SCF | −0.42 (−1.24 to 0.39) | 0.307 | −0.42 (−1.23 to 0.39) | 0.306 |
| SCGF-β | −0.20 (−0.53 to 0.14) | 0.245 | −0.18 (−0.51 to 0.15) | 0.287 |
| VEGF | −0.27 (−0.73 to 0.19) | 0.255 | −0.27 (−0.72 to 0.19) | 0.253 |
| IFN-γ | −0.13 (−0.62 to 0.36) | 0.605 | −0.09 (−0.58 to 0.39) | 0.705 |
| IL-2 | −0.18 (−0.83 to 0.48) | 0.598 | −0.19 (−0.84 to 0.46) | 0.566 |
| IL-4* | −0.84 (−1.30 to −0.37) | <0.001 | −0.82 (−1.27 to −0.37) | <0.001 |
| IL-5 | −0.12 (−0.70 to 0.46) | 0.691 | −0.08 (−0.65 to 0.49) | 0.781 |
| IL-13 | 0.61 (−0.10 to 1.32) | 0.094 | 0.62 (−0.08 to 1.32) | 0.085 |
| IL-15 | 0.15 (−0.41 to 0.70) | 0.596 | 0.13 (−0.41 to 0.67) | 0.642 |
| IL-17A | −0.11 (−0.87 to 0.65) | 0.768 | −0.09 (−0.85 to 0.66) | 0.807 |
| IL-2Rα | −0.19 (−0.74 to 0.36) | 0.496 | −0.18 (−0.73 to 0.36) | 0.509 |
| IL-10 | −0.17 (−0.61 to 0.28) | 0.456 | −0.17 (−0.61 to 0.27) | 0.452 |
| IL-1RA | −0.06 (−0.66 to 0.53) | 0.831 | −0.07 (−0.66 to 0.53) | 0.824 |
β Coefficients and corresponding p values were determined using linear regression.
Multivariable regression models were adjusted for Nugent’s score, number of sexual partners in the last 2 months and genital examination. Significant p values (<0.05) are indicated in bold and significance after false discovery rate adjustment is indicated by (*). Abbreviations: interleukin (IL)−1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL10, IL-12p70, IL-12p40, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1α, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), cutaneous T-cell attraction chemokine (CTACK), eotaxin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), growth regulated (GRO)-α, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α2, interferon gamma induced protein (IP)−10, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)−1, MCP-3, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), monokine induced by gamma-interferon (MIG), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)−1α, MIP-1β, nerve growth factor (NGF)-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-ββ, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES), stem cell factor (SCF), stem cell growth factor (SCGF)-β, stromal-derived factor (SDF)−1α, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β.
CTACK, cutaneous T-cell attraction chemokine; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ; GRO-a, growth regulated-alpha; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IP-10, interferon gamma induced protein; LIF, leukaemia inhibitory factor ; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor ; MIG, monokine induced by gamma-interferon; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; NGF, nerve growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted; SCF, stem cell factor; SCGF, stem cell growth factor; SDF, stromal-derived factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.