Table 1

Summary of included studies

Author surnameYear study was conductedCountryMethod of studyAge groupRisk groupSample size
Aicken40 Published 2016EnglandIn-depth interviews16–24Ethnic minorities, socially disadvantaged25
Balfe7 Published 2010IrelandIn-depth interviews18–29Young people (female)35
Balfe12 Published 2011IrelandIn-depth interviews18–29Young people30
Balfe41 Published 2010IrelandIn-depth interviews18–29Young people (female)35
Denison4 Published 2017New ZealandIn-depth interviews19–32Young people (university students)24
Denison19 Published 2018New ZealandIn-depth interviews19–32Young people (university students)24
Ewert65 2012–2013AustraliaIn-depth interviews15–29Young people (male university students)28
Fields26 2015–2016USAIn-depth interviews18–24Sexual minorities17
Frye10 2014USAIn-depth interviews16–29Sexual minorities30
Hogan6 2007–2008EnglandIn‐depth interviews15–24Young people36
Jones42 2013EnglandIn-depth interviews16–24Young people30
Lorimer43 Published 2014ScotlandIn-depth interviews<25Young people (male)18
Masaro61 2006–2007CanadaIn-depth Iiterviews20–24Young people21
Normansell44 2013EnglandIn-depth interviews16–25Socially disadvantaged young females, ethnic minorities17
Pavlin66 2005–2006AustraliaIn-depth interviews16–25Young people (female)24
Santer21 Published 2003ScotlandIn-depth interviews<21Young people (female)20
Shoveller63 Published 2010CanadaIn-depth interviews15–25Young people (male)45
Shoveller62 Published 2012CanadaIn-depth interviews15–24Young people52
Brown45 Published 2008EnglandIn-person survey16–25Young people582
Brugha46 2009IrelandIn-person survey18–29Young people6085
Brugha47 2009IrelandIn-person survey18–29Young people6085
Cohall27 2005USAIn-person survey18–24Sexual minorities, ethnic minorities and YBMSM177
Fielder71 2010USAOnline survey18–21Young people (female university students)483
Grey48 2007EnglandPostal survey16–25Young people, socially disadvantaged14 387
Habel72 2011–2012USASelf-administered survey17–29Young people382
Hagley49 Published 2002EnglandIn-person survey<18Young people19
Holloway73 2007USASelf-administered in-person survey<25Young men, socially disadvantaged199
Labacher64 Published 2013CanadaIn-person survey<22Young people, (university students)183
Llewellyn50 2011EnglandOnline survey16–34Young people (university students)233
Macphail67 2012–2014AustraliaOnline survey18–29Young people (university students)418
Martin68 2006–2007AustraliaPostal survey with testing kit16–24Young people413
McRee74 2013USAOnline survey18–26Sexual minorities971
Merchant28 2014USAOnline survey20–23Sexual and ethnic minorities1975
Kowalczyk Mullins29 2006–2007USAIn-person survey13–22Young people99
Peralta30 1999USAIn-person survey12–24Young people, ethnic minorities278
Perry31 1999–2000USAIn-person survey11–19Young people425
Pickett32 Published 2018USAOnline surveyN/AYoung people328
Phillips9 2015USAIn-person survey16–31Sexual minorities890
Saadatmand33 2010USAIn-person survey15–24Ethnic minorities108
Sharma39 2017–2018USAOnline survey15–24Transgender and non-binary young people186
Thomas51 2002EnglandIn-person survey13–14Young people295
Jerome52 2007EnglandIn-person survey12–24Young people161
Zakher69 Published 2008AustraliaIn-person survey (DCE)16–25Young people185
Eaton36 Published 2019EnglandOnline survey (DCE)16–24Young people1230
Miners53 2010EnglandOnline survey (DCE)Mean age 26Young people3358
Smith70 2011–2013AustraliaOnline survey (DCE)<30Young people, sexual minorities (MSM)445
Feinstein34 2009–2010USAIn-depth interviews18–29Sexual minorities; previous STI diagnosis17
Hayter54 2003EnglandMixed methods study – surveys and in-depth interviews13–18Ethnic minoritiesSurveys: 200
Interviews: 20
Heritage55 Published 2008EnglandMixed methods study – focus groups and individual interviews16–18Young peopleFG:12
Interviews: 2
Ingram56 2000–2002EnglandMixed methods study – data collection from health service, questionnaires and interviews14–18Young peopleQuestionnaires: 153
Interviews:
18
Johnston8 Published 2015AustraliaMixed methods study – interviews with health providers and questionnaires distributed among young people15–24Young people (rural)Questionnaires: 391
Interviews:
32
Tebb35 1999–2000USATelephone interviews 9 months postintervention and baseline in-person surveys13–20Ethnic minoritiesInitial study: 155
Follow-up: 98
Datta5 2015EnglandFG discussions20–50Sexual minorities (MSM), ethnic minorities61
Eaton75 2017–2018USAFG discussions16–35Sexual minorities (YBMSM)36
Gkatzidou57 2013EnglandFG discussions16–24Young people, social disadvantage49
Tomnay20 2012AustraliaFG discussions16–25Young people (rural)50
Wong11 Published 2012CanadaFG discussions16–24Socially disadvantaged young women49
Barnard58 2016EnglandSecondary analysis of routine data collection by health services16+Socially disadvantaged young people and ethnic minorities6456
Baytop37 2008–2010USASecondary analysis of data collected by a community-based organisation18–64Sexual minorities (MSM)470
Cuffe38 2013USASecondary analysis from national youth survey15–25Young people6707
Harb59 2013–2016EnglandSecondary analysis from the English National Chlamydia Screening Programme15–25Young people (women)866 847
Wilson60 Published 2019EnglandSecondary analysis of a combination of online and postal surveys16–30Young people (tester naïve)528
van Rooijen76 2012–2013The NetherlandsData analysis from health service16–25Young people (low risk)1804

  • DCE, discrete choice experiment; FG, focus group; MSM, men who have sex with men; YBMSM, young black men who have sex with men.