Physical or sexual violence from clients in last 6 months | Depression or anxiety (cut-point >5) | |||
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
Individual-level factors | GEE OR (95% CI) | GEE aOR (95% CI) | GEE OR (95% CI) | GEE aOR (95% CI) |
Age ≥30 years* | 0.40 (0.19 to 0.83) | 0.48 (0.21 to 1.13) | 0.36 (0.18 to 0.72) | 0.33 (0.13 to 0.86) |
People of colour (vs white) | 1.00 (0.39 to 2.60) | – | 0.65 (0.28 to 1.51) | – |
Bisexual, homosexual, any other term (vs heterosexual) | 1.29 (0.64 to 2.57) | – | 2.03 (1.03 to 4.01) | – |
Unstable residency status (vs permanent residency/UK national)† | 1.67 (0.84 to 3.31) | 3.19 (1.36 to 7.49) | 0.41 (0.20 to 0.85) | – |
Primary or secondary education only (vs further education) | 1.11 (0.56 to 2.18) | – | 0.89 (0.49 to 1.61) | – |
Alcohol or drug use‡ | 2.85 (1.36 to 5.94) | 3.16 (1.26 to 7.92) | 2.19 (1.13 to 4.24) | 2.19 (0.91 to 5.28) |
Any intimate partner violence ever | 3.70 (1.61 to 8.47) | 3.77 (1.30 to 11.00) | 2.92 (1.35 to 6.31) | – |
Physical/Sexual violence from clients in last 6 months | Not included | – | 2.12 (1.18 to 3.80) | – |
Limited/Severely limited by disability (vs no disability) | Not included§ | – | 6.86 (3.28 to 14.37) | 5.83 (2.34 to 14.51) |
Workplace factors | ||||
Duration in sex work ≥5 years* | 0.74 (0.38 to 1.45) | Not included* | ||
Hours worked per day >8 hours | 1.98 (1.08 to 3.63) | – | Not included§ | – |
Always work alone | 0.79 (0.38 to 1.60) | – | 1.12 (0.62 to 2.01) | – |
Always work with CCTV | 0.53 (0.26 to 1.10) | – | Not included§ | – |
Always screen and refuse clients | 0.36 (0.17 to 0.76) | 0.36 (0.15 to 0.87) | Not included§§ | – |
Always have security/maid | 0.44 (0.16 to 1.21) | – | Not included§ | – |
Always work check customer’s number with a safety service | 1.31 (0.56 to 3.03) | – | Not included§ | – |
Structural variables—law enforcement¶ | ||||
Ever arrested by police | 0.96 (0.46 to 2.01) | 0.53 (0.19 to 1.45) | 2.36 (1.29 to 4.32) | – |
Ever had items confiscated | – | – | 7.35 (2.02 to 26.81) | 4.59 (0.99 to 21.20) |
Structural variables—other | ||||
Homeless in the last 4 weeks†† | 1.75 (0.71 to 4.32) | – | 2.53 (1.00 to 6.39) | – |
Accessed sex worker support project in last 6 months | 0.84 (0.40 to 1.84) | – | 1.23 (0.69 to 2.19) | – |
Unmet mental health support need in last 6 months | 1.66 (0.81 to 3.39) | – | 5.99 (2.61 to 13.72) | 3.08 (1.15 to 8.23) |
In arrears (at time of survey) | 1.38 (0.68 to 2.79) | – | 2.12 (1.23 to 3.67) | – |
Difficulty paying usual expenses | 3.14 (1.50 to 6.58) | 3.66 (1.64 to 8.18) | 2.52 (1.29 to 4.93) | – |
Ever evicted | Not included§ | 3.66 (1.48 to 9.05) | 3.99 (1.23 to 12.92) | |
Sensitivity analyses** | ||||
Ever detained by immigration officers | 2.22 (0.75 to 6.60) | 5.06 (1.43 to 17.93) |
– denotes variables excluded in adjusted models not significant in adjusted models at p<0.05 and not a priori confounders.
*Age or duration of sex work were selected as a priori confounders on the basis of quasi-AIC (QIC) evaluations.
†Unstable defined as overseas national/asylum seeker/unknown or illegal migration status (vs permanent residency/UK national/settled status).
‡Alcohol use or drug use defined as (AUDIT-C score of 5 or more indicating increasing risk) or used drugs in the last month.
§Not considered to be a potential confounder.
¶Multivariable models adjust for one policing variable.
**Sensitivity analyses tested all policing variables in separate models adjusted for the variables shown excluding other policing variables. Only those with significant effect sizes (p<0.05) in adjusted analyses are presented.
††Homelessness defined as sleeping rough or living in unstable accommodation (eg, parent’s or friend’s home, sheltered or homeless accommodation).