Variable | Model O | Model I aOR (95% CI) | Model II aOR (95% CI) | Model III aOR (95% CI) |
Fixed effect model | ||||
Women’s age (years) | ||||
15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 1.60*** (1.44 to 1.77) | 1.57*** (1.42 to 1.74) | ||
25–29 | 1.95*** (1.75 to 2.17) | 1.89*** (1.70 to 2.10) | ||
30–34 | 2.05*** (1.83 to 2.29) | 1.97*** (1.76 to 2.20) | ||
35–39 | 1.95*** (1.74 to 2.19) | 1.85*** (1.65 to 2.08) | ||
40–44 | 1.83*** (1.61 to 2.08) | 1.75*** (1.53 to 1.99) | ||
45–49 | 1.79*** (1.54 to 2.09) | 1.72*** (1.47 to 2.00) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married | 0.85*** (0.78 to 0.93) | 0.90* (0.82 to 0.99) | ||
Cohabiting | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23) | 1.22*** (1.10 to 1.35) | ||
Widowed | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.18) | ||
Divorced | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.22) | ||
Separated | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.15) | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.27) | ||
Educational level | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 1.27*** (1.18 to 1.37) | 1.34*** (1.23 to 1.45) | ||
Secondary | 1.66*** (1.52 to 1.81) | 1.55*** (1.42 to 1.69) | ||
Higher | 2.07*** (1.76 to 2.44) | 1.82*** (1.54 to 2.16) | ||
Current working status | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.09** (1.02 to 1.16) | 1.10** (1.03 to 1.17) | ||
Frequency of watching television | ||||
Not at all | 1.00 | 1 .00 | ||
Less than once a week | 1.19*** (1.09 to 1.30) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | ||
At least once a week | 1.31*** (1.21 to 1.42) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) | ||
Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
Not at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Less than once a week | 1.16*** (1.08 to 1.26) | 1.12** (1.04 to 1.21) | ||
At least once a week | 1.13*** (1.06 to 1.22) | 1.10* (1.02 to 1.18) | ||
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||||
Not at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Less than once a week | 1.10* (1.00 to 1.22) | 1.11* (1.01 to 1.22) | ||
At least once a week | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.24) | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.25) | ||
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.27*** (1.19 to 1.35) | 1.25*** (1.18 to 1.33) | ||
Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment | ||||
Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Not a big problem | 1.15*** (1.08 to 1.22) | 1.12*** (1.05 to 1.19) | ||
Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility | ||||
Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Not a big problem | 1.16*** (1.09 to 1.24) | 1.07* (1.01 to 1.15) | ||
Covered by health insurance | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.57*** (1.40 to 1.76) | 1.59*** (1.43 to 1.78) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 1.30*** (1.19 to 1.42) | 1.22*** (1.11 to 1.34) | ||
Middle | 1.45*** (1.32 to 1.59) | 1.28*** (1.16 to 1.41) | ||
Richer | 1.84*** (1.66 to 2.04) | 1.54*** (1.38 to 1.72) | ||
Richest | 2.27*** (2.03 to 2.55) | 1.69*** (1.48 to 1.92) | ||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 0.71*** (0.65 to 0.77) | 0.83*** (0.76 to 0.91) | ||
Geographical subregions | ||||
Southern Africa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Central Africa | 0.67*** (0.55 to 0.80) | 0.76** (0.62 to 0.92) | ||
East Africa | 0.65*** (0.55 to 0.78) | 0.71*** (0.60 to 0.86) | ||
West Africa | 0.69*** (0.58 to 0.82) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.08) | ||
Random effect model | ||||
Primary sampling unit variance (95% CI) | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.21) | 0.14 (0.11 to 0.18) | 0.14 (0.11 to 0.18) | 0.13 (0.10 to 0.17) |
Intraclass correlation coefficient | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Wald χ2 | Reference | 1189.75*** | 606.75*** | 1383.81*** |
Model fitness | ||||
Log likelihood | −25 251.15 | −24 235.80 | −24 595.53 | −24 052.99 |
Akaike information criterion | 50 506.29 | 48 525.6 | 49 211.07 | 48 175.98 |
Number | 38 394 | 38 394 | 38 394 | 38 394 |
Number of clusters | 1333 | 1333 | 1333 | 1333 |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; 1.00=reference category.
AOR, adjusted OR.