Table 2

Summary of studies included in the meta-analysis (n=17)

Author	Study site	Population	T1 reference test	T1 reference prevalence (%)	T2 reference test	T2 reference prevalence (%)	Sample type	Sample size	T1 sensitivity (95% CI)	T1 specificity (95% CI)	T2 sensitivity (95% CI)	T2 specificity (95% CI)
Syphilis (DPP-RDT)
Castro24	USA	General	TPPA	40.2	RPR	30.6	Serum	376	0.97 (0.93 to 0.99)*	0.99 (0.97 to 1.00)*	0.97 (0.91 to 0.99)*	0.98 (0.95 to 0.99)*
Castro23	USA	General	TPPA	62.9	RPR	52.1	Serum	1601	0.97 (0.95 to 0.98)*	0.95 (0.93 to 0.97)*	0.89 (0.86 to 0.91)*	0.99 (0.97 to 0.99)*
Castro25	Portugal	General	TPHA	74.6	RPR	69.8	Serum	248	0.99 (0.97 to 1.00)	0.89 (0.78 to 0.95)	0.99 (0.95 to 1.00)	0.95 (0.87 to 0.98)
Causer26	Australia	MSM	TPPA	73.2	RPR	55	Serum	1005	0.9 (0.87 to 0.92)	0.99 (0.97 to 1.00)	0.94 (0.92 to 0.96)	0.62 (0.58 to 0.67)
Causer26	Australia	(majority)	TPPA	73.2	RPR	55	Serum	1005	0.9 (0.87 to 0.92)	0.99 (0.97 to 1.00)	0.94 (0.92 to 0.96)	0.62 (0.58 to 0.67)
Constantine14	USA	General	TPPA	31.5	RPR	31.2	Whole blood	1265	0.93 (0.90 to 0.95)	0.99 (0.99 to 1.00)	0.65 (0.60 to 0.70)	1 (0.99 to 1.00)
Guinard27	France	General	EIA	57.6	RPR	39.8	Serum, whole blood	T1=144	0.9 (0.82 to 0.95)	0.98 (0.91 to 1.00)	0.95 (0.84 to 0.99)	0.92 (0.83 to 0.97)
Guinard27	France	General	EIA	57.6	RPR	39.8	Serum, whole blood	T2=108	0.9 (0.82 to 0.95)	0.98 (0.91 to 1.00)	0.95 (0.84 to 0.99)	0.92 (0.83 to 0.97)
Hess28	USA	Others	TPPA	12.2	RPR	3	Whole blood	T1=765	0.53 (0.43 to 0.63)	0.99 (0.97 to 0.99)	0.48 (0.27 to 0.69)	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)
Hess28	USA	Others	TPPA	12.2	RPR	3	Whole blood	T2=763	0.53 (0.43 to 0.63)	0.99 (0.97 to 0.99)	0.48 (0.27 to 0.69)	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)
Langendorf29	Burkina Faso	Pregnant women	TPPA	41.7	RPR	25.5	Finger prick, whole blood	T1=242	0.95 (0.89 to 0.98)*	0.98 (0.94 to 1.00)*	0.85 (0.72 to 0.92)*	1 (0.97 to 1.00)*
Langendorf29	Burkina Faso	Pregnant women	TPPA	41.7	RPR	25.5	Finger prick, whole blood	T2=188	0.95 (0.89 to 0.98)*	0.98 (0.94 to 1.00)*	0.85 (0.72 to 0.92)*	1 (0.97 to 1.00)*
Skinner30	Australia	Children	TPPA	75.9	RPR	50.6	Serum	449	0.94 (0.90 to 0.96)*	0.87 (0.79 to 0.93)*	0.96 (0.92 to 0.98)*	0.66 (0.60 to 0.72)*
Yin31	China	General	TPPA	49.9	TRUST	35.6	Finger prick, plasma, whole blood	3135	0.96 (0.95 to 0.97)	0.99 (0.99 to 1.00)	0.89 (0.87 to 0.91)	0.91 (0.90 to 0.92)
Zorzi32	Italy	MSM	TPPA, CLIA	15.4	RPR	7.1	Finger prick, whole blood	227	0.69 (0.51 to 0.83)	0.99 (0.96 to 1.00)	0.62 (0.35 to 0.85)	1 (0.97 to 1.00)
Yaws (DPP-RDT)
Ayove34	Papua New Guinea	Children	TPHA	55.3	RPR	43.4	Plasma, whole blood	704 500	0.88 (0.85 to 0.91)	0.95 (0.92 to 0.97)	0.88 (0.84 to 0.91)	0.92 (0.89 to 0.95)
					RPR ≤1:4†						0.76 (0.66 to 0.84)
					RPR ≤1:8†						0.94 (0.90 to 0.97)
Aziz‡	Ghana	Unknown	TPPA	39.2	RPR	34.9	Finger prick	255	0.97 (0.91 to 0.99)	0.99 (0.96 to 1.00)	0.94 (0.87 to 0.98)	0.99 (0.96 to 1.00)
Marks33	Solomon Islands	Children	TPPA	29.6	RPR	28.9	Serum	415	0.59 (0.50 to 0.67)	0.98 (0.95 to 0.99)	0.42 (0.33 to 0.51)	0.95 (0.92 to 0.97)
					RPR≤ 1:4†						0.62 (0.45 to 0.77)	0.93 (0.87 to 0.96)
					RPR ≤ 1:8†						0.72 (0.51 to 0.86)	0.91 (0.8 to 0.95)
					RPR ≤ 1:16†						0.92 (0.67 to 0.99)	0.89 (0.83 to 0.94)
Taleo‡	Vanuatu	Unknown	TPPA	43.7	RPR	34.5	Finger prick	238	0.8 (0.71 to 0.87)	0.93 (0.88 to 0.96)	0.74 (0.64 to 0.83)	0.96 (0.92 to 0.99)

Syphilis (Burnet TP-IgA)
Author	Study site	Population	T1 reference test	T2 reference test	T2 reference prevalence (%)	Sample type	Sample size	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)
Pham10	China	General	TPHA	RPR	33.7	Plasma	454	0.96 (0.92 to 0.99)	0.85 (0.80 to 0.89)
Pham11	South Africa	Pregnant women	TPAb	RPR	0.6	Whole blood	499	0.88 (0.29 to 1.00)*	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)

Upper limit of 95% CI above 0.995 is rounded up to 1.00.
*Values are calculated by authors as they were not reported in the original studies.
†Sub-analysis with RPR titre.
‡Unpublished data.
CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; DPP-RDT, Dual Path Platform-rapid diagnostic test; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; MSM, men who have sex with men; RPR, rapid plasma reagin; TPAb, Treponema pallidum antibody; TPHA, Treponema pallidum haemagglutination; TP-IgA, treponemal IgA-specific assay; TPPA, Treponema pallidum passive particle agglutination assay; TRUST, toluidine red unheated serum test.